Table 5.

PHA production using VFAs as a carbon source by employing genetically modified microbial culture.

Employed Substrate	Microorganism	Fermentation Type	PHA Yield (g/L)	Type of PHA	Reference
Propionic acid	Herbaspirillum seropedicae Z69 2-methylcitrate synthase (PrpC) gene	Shaking flask	3HV yield 0.80 g/g	PHBV	[19]
Acetic acid	Bacillus cereus strain HY-3	Shaking flask	PHB content—49.2%	PHB	[35]
Glycerol propionic acid	Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium	Shake flask	3HV yield 19.4 (mol%)	P(3HB-co-3HV)	[64]
Acetate	Escherichia coli Overexpressed pta-ackA and acs genes	Shaking flask	1.27 g/L	P3HB	[94]
Glycerol	E. XL1-Blue filamentation-suppressed FtsZ	Fed-batch	149 g/L	PHB	[95]
Glycerol + propionic acid	S. enterica propionyl-CoA prpC, as a host	Shaking flask	34.2 ± 15 (%DCW)	PHBV	[96]
Propionic acid	Burkholderia sp. IPT 101 propionyl- prp mutants	Batch	Y3HV:Prop 1.20 g g−1	PHBV	[97]
Glucose propionate	Recombinant E. coli XL10-Gold/pBHR68	Fed-batch	3HV yield 0.31 g/g	P(3HB-co-3HV)	[98]
Glucose propionate	Recombinant E. coli XL10-Gold/pBHR68-prpP	Fed-batch	3HV yield 0.46 g/g	P(3HB-co-3HV)	[98]