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. 2021 Dec 24;171:105885. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105885

Table 3b.

Association between resilience, mindfulness and mastery, and changes in snacking and food group consumption related to the COVID-19 lockdown period (NutriNet-Santé study, 2016-2020).
Resilience (BRS) (N = 25,965)
 Mindfulness (FFMQ) (N = 29,179)
 Mastery (PMS) (N = 17,058)
Model 1a
Model 2b
 Model 1a
Model 2b
 Model 1a
Model 2b
OR (95% CI) P valuec OR (95% CI) P valuec OR (95% CI) P valuec OR (95% CI) P valuec OR (95% CI) P valuec OR (95% CI) P valuec
Snacking Increased 0.80 (0.76, 0.84) <.0001 0.86 (0.82, 0.91) <.0001 0.67 (0.62, 0.72) <.0001 0.73 (0.68, 0.79) <.0001 0.91 (0.88, 0.94) <.0001 0.95 (0.91, 0.98) 0.0057
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) 0.0003   0.92 (0.86, 0.98) 0.0093 0.81 (0.73, 0.89) <.0001   0.84 (0.76, 0.93) 0.0005 0.93 (0.89, 0.98) 0.0039 0.95 (0.9, 1.0) 0.0410
Bread, whole-graind Increased 0.87 (0.82, 0.93) <.0001 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) 0.0009 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) 0.0003 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) 0.0022 0.94 (0.9, 0.99) 0.025 0.95 (0.91, 1.0) 0.060
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) 0.0009 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) 0.11 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) 0.42 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) 0.54 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) 0.0006 0.94 (0.9, 0.99) 0.011
Pasta, rice, whole-grain Increased 0.86 (0.80, 0.93) 0.0002 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) 0.022 0.74 (0.66, 0.84) <.0001 0.80 (0.70, 0.90) 0.0002 0.95 (0.89, 1.00) 0.065 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) 0.43
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.97 (0.88, 1.06) 0.45 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) 0.71 0.90 (0.78, 1.03) 0.11 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) 0.46 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) 0.48 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) 0.19
Fruit, fresh Increased 0.98 (0.92, 1.03) 0.43 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) 0.93 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) 0.67 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) 0.73 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) 0.88 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) 0.63
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.81 (0.77, 0.85) <.0001 0.86 (0.82, 0.90) <.0001 0.77 (0.72, 0.83) <.0001 0.85 (0.79, 0.92) <.0001 0.87 (0.84, 0.90) <.0001 0.90 (0.86, 0.93) <.0001
Vegetables, fresh Increased 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) 0.92 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) 0.82 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) 0.49 0.98 (0.9, 1.07) 0.68 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) 0.17 1.03 (0.99, 1.08) 0.13
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.78 (0.74, 0.82) <.0001 0.84 (0.80, 0.88) <.0001 0.76 (0.71, 0.82) <.0001 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) <.0001 0.86 (0.83, 0.90) <.0001 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) <.0001
Legumes Increased 0.88 (0.83, 0.92) <.0001 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) <.0001 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) 0.38 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) 0.070 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) 0.22 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) 0.48
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.91 (0.82, 1.02) 0.10 0.98 (0.87, 1.09) 0.68 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) 0.30 1.01 (0.85, 1.19) 0.95 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) 0.021 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) 0.13
Fish or shellfish, fresh Increased 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) 0.58 1.05 (0.95, 1.15) 0.33 0.97 (0.84, 1.11) 0.63 1.00 (0.87, 1.14) 0.96 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) 0.90 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) 0.59
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.86 (0.83, 0.90) <.0001 0.89 (0.86, 0.93) <.0001 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) 0.017 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) 0.47 0.95 (0.93, 0.98) 0.0031 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) 0.11
Red meat, fresh Increased 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) 0.051 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) 0.24 0.77 (0.67, 0.88) <.0001 0.81 (0.71, 0.92) 0.0018 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) 0.16 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) 0.53
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.87 (0.83, 0.91) <.0001 0.90 (0.86, 0.95) <.0001 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) 0.0005 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) 0.061 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) 0.0005 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) 0.021
Processed meat Increased 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) 0.0008 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) 0.087 0.75 (0.67, 0.84) <.0001 0.83 (0.75, 0.93) 0.0017 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) 0.0027 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) 0.14
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.95 (0.9, 1.00) 0.059 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) 0.44 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) 0.22 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) 0.045 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) 0.70 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) 0.67
Sandwich, pizzas, savoury pies Increased 0.81 (0.74, 0.88) <.0001 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) 0.0018 0.74 (0.65, 0.85) <.0001 0.83 (0.72, 0.95) 0.0055 0.89 (0.84, 0.95) 0.0005 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) 0.027
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) 0.010 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) 0.091 0.95 (0.88, 1.04) 0.27 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) 0.79 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) 0.0078 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) 0.059
Yoghurt, cottage cheese Increased 0.87 (0.81, 0.92) <.0001 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) 0.0039 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) 0.0011 0.92 (0.83, 1.02) 0.098 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) 0.40 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) 0.66
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) <.0001 0.89 (0.83, 0.97) 0.0056 0.86 (0.77, 0.97) 0.014 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) 0.42 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) <.0001 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) 0.0046
Sweets, chocolate Increased 0.82 (0.78, 0.86) <.0001 0.87 (0.82, 0.91) <.0001 0.75 (0.69, 0.80) <.0001 0.81 (0.75, 0.87) <.0001 0.96 (0.93, 1.00) 0.056 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) 0.82
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) 0.0016 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) 0.037 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) 0.25 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) 0.76 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) 0.017 0.95 (0.91, 1.00) 0.059
Biscuits, cakes Increased 0.80 (0.76, 0.84) <.0001 0.84 (0.80, 0.89) <.0001 0.70 (0.64, 0.75) <.0001 0.75 (0.69, 0.81) <.0001 0.95 (0.92, 0.99) 0.0063 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) 0.42
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.85 (0.80, 0.91) <.0001 0.87 (0.82, 0.93) <.0001 0.95 (0.87, 1.05) 0.33 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) 0.80 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) 0.012 0.95 (0.91, 1.00) 0.044
Butter Increased 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) 0.014 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) 0.35 0.78 (0.7, 0.86) <.0001 0.85 (0.76, 0.94) 0.0025 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) 0.013 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) 0.22
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.87 (0.79, 0.96) 0.0048 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) 0.065 1.14 (0.98, 1.32) 0.081 1.23 (1.06, 1.43) 0.0068 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) 0.044 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) 0.24
Sugar, honey, marmalade Increased 0.83 (0.77, 0.89) <.0001 0.89 (0.82, 0.96) 0.0022 0.73 (0.65, 0.82) <.0001 0.81 (0.72, 0.91) 0.0004 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) 0.039 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) 0.58
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) 0.96 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) 0.5700 1.25 (1.09, 1.43) 0.0010 1.31 (1.14, 1.50) <.0001 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) 0.72 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) 0.94
Sugary drinks, sodas Increased 0.84 (0.74, 0.95) 0.0070 0.92 (0.81, 1.05) 0.21 0.62 (0.51, 0.76) <.0001 0.71 (0.58, 0.88) 0.0016 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) 0.25 0.99 (0.90, 1.10) 0.92
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 0.93 (0.84, 1.04) 0.23 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) 0.98 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) 0.72 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) 0.61 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) 0.91 1.03 (0.95, 1.13) 0.49
Alcoholic drinks Increased 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) <.0001 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) 0.0035 0.79 (0.72, 0.86) <.0001 0.85 (0.78, 0.93) 0.0004 0.94 (0.90, 0.98) 0.0053 0.97 (0.92, 1.01) 0.16
No change Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Decreased 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) 0.81 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) 0.31 1.04 (0.94, 1.14) 0.47 1.08 (0.98, 1.19) 0.11 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) 0.14 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) 0.35

Abbreviations: BRS, Brief Resilience Scale; FFMQ, Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire; N, number of participants; PMS, Pearlin Mastery Scale

a

Model 1: Adjusted for age, gender, educational level, occupational status, professional activity during lockdown, monthly household income, presence of children or grandchildren <18 y during the lockdown, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index and dietary energy intake.

b

Model 2: Model 1 + general anxiety disorders and depressive symptoms.

c

P value based on multinomial logistic regression with psychological characteristics as continuous independent variables.

d

For each food group, participants who did not consume the food group of interest were excluded from the analyses.