Table 1.

Experimentally studied immunostimulating nucleic acids.

Type	Sequence 5′–3′	Length n/bp	Effects	Reference
G4-CpG	GGGGTTGTCGTTTTGTCGTTGGGGTTGTCGTTTTGTCGTTGGGGTTGTCGTTTTGTCGTTGGGG	64	Forms G-quadruplex; induces IL-6	[65]
CpG ODN	AACGTTGTCGTCGACGTCGTCGTC	24	Reduces viability of human bladder cancer cells (UM-UC-3 and T24)	[61]
1826-CpG	TCCATGACGTTCCTGACGTT	20	Induces apoptosis in A20 lymphoma cells, but not as effective as KSK-CpG	[62]
KSK-CpG	TCGTCGTTTTCGTCGTCGTTTT	22	Decreases mitochondrial membrane potential; induces apoptosis in A20 lymphoma cells	[62]
ssRNA40 from HIV-1 genome	GCCCGUCUGUUGUGUGACUC	20	Induces TNF-α secretion in mice	[70]
ssRNA120 SARS-CoV genome	GUCUGAGUGUGUUCUUG	17	Induces TNF-α secretion in mice; induces pro-inflammatory cytokine release in hPBMCs	[70]
ssRNA83 SARS-CoV genome	GUGCUUGUGUAUUGUGC	17	Induces TNF alpha release in mice	[70]
ssRNA-DR	GCCCGACAGAAGAGAGACAC	20	Activates TLR 7/8	[78]
short dsRNA	GUGUCAGGCUUUCAGAUUUUUU/ AAAUCUGAAAGCCUGACACUUA	22	Has antiproliferative effect against tumor cells	[73,74]
1826 CpG SNA	TCCATGACGTTCCTGACGTT	20	Decreases growth rate of cancer cells; activates innate immune cells in vivo	[79]