Table 2.

Detailed summary of in vitro studies included. All the outcomes noted are significantly different from the control groups applied in every study.

Study	Year	Country	Target Area	Treatment	Probiotics Studied	Summary of Key Findings	Control
DiMarzio [8]	1999	Italy	Human keratinocyte cell line	Sonicated bacteria (1.7 g per 5 mL) mixed with 20 mL of a base cream	S. thermophilus extracts	Increased ceramide levels	Base cream
Pinto [31]	2011	Italy	Human keratinocyte cells	Co-culture between L. plantarum DC400 with L. sanfranciscensis DPPMA174 as well as PlnA and hyaluronic acid	Plantaricin A synthesized by Lactobacillus plantarum	Promoted wound re-epithelization and neo-vascularization	Basal serum free medium
Jiang [32]	2014	China	Agar culture	Nisin-loaded phosphorylated soybean protein isolate/poly (l-lactic acid)/zirconium dioxide nanofibrous membranes	Nisin	Displayed well-controlled release and better antimicrobial activity against S. aureus.	Copper with no nanofibrous membrane
Ahire [33]	2015	South Africa	Soft agar (1 % w/v) plates seeded with 105 CFU/mL of each bacterial strain (P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium)	Nanofibers with AgNPs and nisin [silver plus nisin nanofibers (SNF)] Nanofibers containing AgNO3 (SF)	Nisin	Inhibited the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria	Control nanofibers without AgNPs and nisin
Tavakolian [34]	2018	Canada	Bacterial cells	Wound dressings with sterically stabilized nanocrystalline cellulose (SNCC), nisin or lysozyme	Lysozyme, nisin	Effectively inhibited the growth of planktonic B. subtilis and S. aureus Inhibited the formation of biofilm on microscopy plates Completely killed a 24 h old S. aureus biofilm	Unconjugated dressing with lysozyme and nisin SNCC
Mouritzen [25]	2019	Denmark	Human keratinocyte cells Human umbilical vein endothelial cell	25 μg/mL Nisin A	Nisin A	Increased the mobility of skin cells Decreased bacterial growth	Negative control were cells mixed with free amino acids Positive control mixed with epithelial growth factor
Twomey [35]	2020	Twomey	Simulated wound fluid	Agar-based assays with nisin	Nisin A Bioengineered L. lactis strains	Significantly reduced the amount of biofilm of S. epidermidis formed on all surfaces	Assays without nisin
Peng [36]	2020	China	Erythrocyte solution Murine 3T3 cell cultures	Sodium-type deacylated G–nisin mixture	Nisin bonded with gellan gum (a biocompatible polysaccharide)	The gellan-nisin conjugate kept its antimicrobial properties even with heat alkali treatment at 80 °C or chymotrypsin digestion Showed good biocompatibility Prevented S. epidermidis cells from adhering to normal animal cells	Blank control samples without the antibacterial agents Positive control samples with 50 μL of Triton X-100 (1%)
Thapa [37]	2020	Norway	Cultured fibroblast cells	Peptides diluted in solutions	Multi-peptide bacteriocin GarkS from Lactococcus garvieae KS1546	Increased overall cell proliferation A combination of two or more antimicrobial agents can have synergistic effects on both non-resistant and resistant bacterial strains	Untreated cells

Abbreviations: S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis; GarKS, Garvicin KS.