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. 2021 Dec 23;20:229. doi: 10.1186/s12934-021-01717-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Time profiles of 9-hydroxy steroids accumulation, extracellular H₂O₂ concentration, and the NAD⁺/NADH ratio of the strain ΔkstDΔhsd4AΔfadA5 and the strain ΔkstDΔhsd4AΔfadA5-NK. a Extracellular H₂O₂ concentration; b the cell growth; c intracellular NAD⁺/NADH ratio; d time course of 9-OH-4-HP accumulation of ΔkstDΔhsd4AΔfadA5-NK from different concentrations of phytosterols; e time course of 9-OH-AD accumulation of ΔkstDΔhsd4AΔfadA5-NK from different concentrations of phytosterols. Expression of Nox and KatE is beneficial for cell growth, increases the ratio of intracellular NAD⁺/NADH, decreases the extracellular H₂O₂ concentration, and enhances the yield of 9-OH-4-HP under a high concentration of phytosterol