Table A1.
Methodological quality evaluation of 96 systematic reviews included in this study.
| Author/Year | Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 | Item 4 | Item 5 | Item 6 | Item 7 | Item 8 | Item 9 | Item 10 | Item 11 | Item 12 | Item 13 | Item 14 | Item 15 | Item 16 | Overall Assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agyekum 2015 | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | No | Critically low |
| Al-Abbad 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Al-Boloushi 2019 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Alkhatib 2020 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| Andia 2015 | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Aqil 2013 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Assad 2016 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Atkins 1999 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Babatunde 2019 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Brantingham 2012 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | No | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Butterworth 2012 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
| Chang 2012 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Parial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Chen 2018 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Chen 2019 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| Chiew 2016 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Clar 2014 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Clark 2012 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
| Clijsen 2012 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Cotchett 2010 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
| David 2017 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Dizon 2013 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Dos Santos 2019 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Drake 2018 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
| Franceschi 2014 (PRP) | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Franceschi 2015 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Franchini 2018 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Fraser 2018 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Fusini 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | No | Critically low |
| Hamstra-Wright 2021 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Hawke 2008 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| He 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Healy 2018 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | High |
| Hohmann 2020 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| Hsiao 2015 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| Huang 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Huffer 2017 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Hurley 2020 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Patial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Irving 2006 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | No | Critically low |
| Lee 2009 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Li 2013 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Li 2014 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| Li 2015 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Critically low |
| S Li 2018 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| X Li 2018 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| H Li 2018 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| Li 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Ling 2018 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| Lou 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Malahias 2020 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Mao 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| McMillan 2009 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Mendes 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Mischke 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Mohammed 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Mohseni-Bandpei 2014 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | No | Critically low |
| Mousavi 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Ogden 2002 | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Critically low |
| Osborne 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Petragila 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | No | Critically low |
| Philips 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Piper 2016 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Podolsky 2015 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Radwan 2016 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | No | Critically low |
| Rasenberg 2018 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Roerdink 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Salvioli 2017 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Sanderson 2015 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
| Schuitema 2020 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Sheth 2012 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| Singh 2017 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Siriphorn 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Speed 2013 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Sun 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Sun 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Sutton 2016 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
| Sweeting 2011 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Thiagarajah 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | No | Critically low |
| Thomson 2005 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Tseng 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Tsikopoulos 2016 (AWB) | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Low |
| Tsikopoulos 2016 (NMA)) | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Uden 2011 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | No | N/A | Yes | Low |
| Van de Water 2010 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
| Van Leeuwen 2016 | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Vannini 2014 | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
| Waclawski 2015 | Yes | Partial Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Moderate |
| Wang 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Wang 2019 (Laser) | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| Whittaker 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| Whittaker 2019 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Woitzik 2015 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
| Xiong 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Yang 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
| Yin 2014 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
| Yu 2016 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | High |
| Yu 2020 (PRP) | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |