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. 2021 Dec 16;26(24):7632. doi: 10.3390/molecules26247632

Table 3.

Diterpenes and triterpenes present in Lamiaceae with biological activity and their molecular targets explored in pain and inflammation.

Compound Structure Mechanism of Action References
Tormentic acid graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i010.jpg
Inhibition of NF-kB signaling pathway and prevents the expressions of iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-α.
[152]
Increased activity of Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. [153]
Andalusol graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i011.jpg Inhibition of histamine [154]
Inhibition of iNOS expression by inactivation of NF-kB [155]
Tanshinone IIA graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i012.jpg TLR2/NF-kB signaling pathway blocker [156]
Salvinorin A graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i013.jpg KOR agonist. [157]
Inhibition of dopamine overflow mediated by KOR. [158]
α-amyrenone graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i014.jpg PKC and PKA activity blocker. [159]
Antioxidant activity. [160]
β-amyrenone graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i015.jpg Decreased levels of TNF-α and caspase 3
Reduction in oxidative stress.
[161]
Ursolic acid graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i016.jpg NO, PGE2 inhibitor. [162]
TRPV1 antagonist.
Modulator of cGMP and serotonergic system.
[115]
Carnosol graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i017.jpg Suppression of iNOS by down-regulation of NF-kB. [163]
Suppression of PGE2 synthesis by the inhibition of mPGES-1. [164]
Inhibition of the induction of COX-2 by blocking PKC signaling and thereby the binding of AP-1 to the CRE of the COX-2 promoter. [165]
Oleanolic acid graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i018.jpg Opioid agonist.
NO inhibitor.
Activation of ATP-gated K+ channels.
[166]
Opioid and 5-HT agonist. [167]
Betulinic acid graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i019.jpg Reduction in TNF-α production.
Increase in IL-10 production.
[168]
Reduction in the levels of COX-2, NO, TNF-α and IL-1β.
Inhibition of MDA level via increasing the activities of SOD, GPx, GRd.
[169]

Abbreviations: 5HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT1A: Serotonin 1A receptor; AP-1: activator protein 1; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; CCL11: C-C motif chemokine 11; cGMP: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; CRE: cyclic AMP response element; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GRd: glutathione reductase; IL-: Interleukin-; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; KOR: κ-opioid receptor; LTB4: Leukotriene B4; MDA: Malondialdehyde; mPGES-1: Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1; NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NO: Nitric oxide; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; PKA: protein kinase A; PKC: protein kinase C; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TLR2: Toll-like receptor 2; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TRPV1: Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1.