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. 2021 Dec 16;26(24):7632. doi: 10.3390/molecules26247632

Table 5.

Flavonoids commonly present in Lamiaceae and their molecular targets explored in pain and inflammation.

Compound Structure Mechanism of Action References
Pedalitin graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i027.jpg Inhibitory effects against NO, TNF-α and IL-12. [202]
Rutin graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i028.jpg Increased activity of GPx, GRd, CAT, SOD and GSH. [203]
Central modulation of the vlPAG descending circuit partly mediated by an opioidergic mechanism. [106]
Increased H2S level.Modulation of Nrf2 pathway. Caspase 3 and, NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6 decreased.Increased sensory nerve conduction velocity. [204]
Apigenin graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i029.jpg Increased expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1.Inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MPO and MDA content. [24]
Inhibition of CD40, TNF-α and IL-6 [205]
Quercetin graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i030.jpg Interaction with L-arginine-nitric oxide, serotonin, and GABAergic systems. [206]
ROCs and VOCs Blocker Modulation of PGF2α pathway [207]
5HT1A agonist [208]
Luteolin graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i031.jpg Inhibition of IL-1β, TNF-α and histamine release. [209]
Decreased neutrophil infiltration.Inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6. [210]
Downregulation of TLR4/TRAF6/NF-kB pathway [211]
Inhibition of CD40, TNF-α and IL-6 [205]
Hesperidin graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i032.jpg Modulation of D2, GABAA and opioid receptors. [212]
Agonist of opioid receptors. [213]
Modulation of TRPV1 receptor. [189]
Naringin graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i033.jpg Inhibition of oxido-nitrosative strees, TNF-α, IL’s and NF-kB mRNA levels. [214]
Inhibition of PGE2, NO, IL-6 and TNF-α. [215]
Naringenin graphic file with name molecules-26-07632-i034.jpg Inhibition of NF-kB and activation of NO-Cyclic GMP-PKG-ATP sensitive K+ channel pathway [216]
Inhibition of IL-6, TNF-α and NO release, by interfering MAPK signal pathway and suppressing the activation of NF-kB. [217]

Abbreviations: 5HT1A: Serotonin 1A receptor; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; CAT: Catalase; CD40: Cluster of differentiation 40; GABA: γ aminobutyric acid; GMP: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GRd: glutathione; reductase; GSH: Glutathione; H2S: Hydrogen sulfide; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; IL-: Interleukin-; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; mRNA: Messenger Ribonucleic acid; NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NO: Nitric oxide; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; PGF2α: Prostaglandin F2α: PKG: cGMP-dependent protein kinase ROCs: Receptor-operated channels; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6; TRPV1: Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1; VOCs: Voltage-operated channels.