Table 2.
Intra-rater and Inter-rater reliability (95% CI) for measurement of shoulder range of motion by device and movement direction.
| Device | Author | Intra-Rater Reliability | Inter-Rater Reliability | Level of Reliability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft Kinect | ||||
| Shoulder | ||||
| Flexion | Da Cuncha Neto et al. (2018) Hawi et al. (2014) Huber et al. (2015) Hwang et al. (2017) Milgrom et al. (2016) Çubukçu et al. (2020) Cai et al. (2019) |
ICC 0.97 ICC 0.99 ICC 0.37, 0.85, 0.84, 0.95 ICC 0.96 (0.83–0.98), 0.92 (0.89–0.95) ICC 0.85 ICC 0.93, 0.99, 0.97. 0.96 |
ICC 0.91 ICC 0.97 (0.84–1.00) |
Good
Good Poor–Good Good Good Moderate Good |
| Extension | Da Cuncha Neto et al. (2018) Hawi et al. (2014) Hwang et al. (2017) Çubukçu et al. (2020) Cai et al. (2019) |
ICC 0.97 ICC 0.99 ICC 0.96 (0.83–0.98), 0.92 (0.89–0.95) ICC 0.62 ICC 0.93, 0.99, 0.97, 0.96 |
ICC 0.97 |
Good
Good Good Poor Good |
| Abduction | Bonnechère et al. (2014) Hawi et al. (2014) Huber et al. (2015) Hwang et al. (2017) Milgrom et al. (2016) Cai et al. (2019) |
ICC 0.73 ICC 0.96 ICC 0.76 ICC 0.92 (0.89–0.93), 0.96 (0.86–0.96) ICC 0.70, 0.75, 0.84, 0.82 |
ICC 0.94 (0.72–0.99) |
Moderate
Good Moderate Good Good Moderate |
| Adduction | Hawi et al. (2014) Hwang et al. (2017) Cai et al. (2019) |
ICC 0.99 ICC 0.92 (0.89–0.93), 0.96 (0.86–0.96) ICC 0.70, 0.75, 0.84, 0.82 |
Good
Good Moderate |
|
| External rotation | Huber et al. (2015) Çubukçu et al. (2020) Cai et al. (2019) |
ICC 0.98 ICC 0.87 ICC 0.93, 0.75, 0.90, 0.60 |
Good
Good Moderate–Good |
|
| Internal rotation | Çubukçu et al. (2020) Cai et al. (2019) |
ICC 0.97 ICC 0.93, 0.75, 0.90, 0.60 |
Good
Moderate–Good |
|
| Microsoft Kinect & Inertial Sensor | ||||
| Shoulder | ||||
| Flexion | Beshara et al. (2016) | ICC 0.84 (0.45–0.96), 0.93 (0.72–0.98) | Moderate–Good | |
| Abduction | Beshara et al. (2016) | ICC 0.52 (-0.17–0.87, 0.85 (0.47–0.96) | Poor–Moderate | |
| Inertial Sensor | ||||
| Shoulder | ||||
| Flexion | Rigoni et al. (2019) Chen et al. (2020) De Baets et al. (2020) |
ICC 0.68, 0.87, 0.91 | ICC 0.88 (0.80–0.92) ICC 0.90 (0.83–0.94), 0.95 (0.92–0.97) ICC 0.74, 0.83, 0.84 |
Good
Good Moderate–Good (Intra-rater) Moderate (Inter-rater) |
| Extension | Chen et al. (2020) De Baets et al. (2020) |
ICC 0.68, 0.87, 0.91 | ICC 0.77 (0.64–0.87), 0.80 (0.68–0.89) ICC 0.74, 0.83, 0.84 |
Moderate
Moderate–Good (Intra-rater) Moderate (Inter-rater) |
| Abduction | Cuesta-Vargas et al. (2016) Picerno et al. (2015) Rigoni et al. (2019) Chen et al. (2020) De Baets et al. (2020) |
ICC 0.78 (0.40–0.93), 0.98 (0.94–0.99) 0.99 (0.98–0.99), 0.96 (0.93–0.98) ICC 0.96 (0.93–0.98) ICC 0.73, 0.95 |
ICC 0.49 (0.08–0.82), 0.99 (0.98–1.00), 0.99 (0.99–1.00) ICC 0.88 (0.81–0.93) ICC 0.97 (0.95–0.98), 0.98 (0.96–0.99) ICC 0.74, 0.80, 0.93 |
Moderate–Good (Intra-rater)
Poor–Good (Inter-rater) Good Good Good Moderate–Good |
| Adduction | De Baets et al. (2020) | ICC 0.73, 0.95 | ICC 0.74, 0.80, 0.93 | Moderate–Good |
| External rotation | Schiefer et al. (2015) Rigoni et al. (2019) Chen et al. (2020) De Baets et al. (2020) |
ICC 0.85, 0.87, 0.89, 0.90 | ICC 0.71, 0.76, 0.81, 0.86 ICC 0.84 (0.74–0.90) ICC 0.95 (0.92–0.97), 0.96 (0.93–0.98) ICC 0.38, 0.84, 0.73, 0.87 |
Moderate–Good
Good Good Moderate–Good (Intra-rater) Poor–Good (Inter-rater) |
| Internal rotation | Schiefer et al. (2015) Rigoni et al. (2019) Chen et al. (2020) De Baets et al. (2020) |
ICC 0.85, 0.87, 0.89, 0.90 | ICC 0.68, 0.78, 0.87, 0.98 ICC 0.71 (0.56–0.82) ICC 0.91 (0.86–0.95), 0.97 (0.94–0.98) ICC 0.38, 0.84, 0.73, 0.87 |
Moderate–Good
Moderate Good Moderate–Good (Intra-rater) Poor–Good (Inter-rater) |
| Smartphone/Mobile App | ||||
| Shoulder | ||||
| Flexion | Chan et al. (2010) Shin et al. (2012) Werner et al. (2014) Mejia-Hernandez et al. (2018) Ramos et al. (2019) |
ICC 0.99 ICC 0.97 (0.95–0.99), 0.96 (0.92–0.98) 0.99 (0.98–0.99), 0.99 (0.99–1.00) ICC −0.21, −0.19, 0.01, 0.16, 0.27, 0.40 0.47, 0.50, 0.53, 0.56, 0.60, 0.71, 0.76, 0.82 |
ICC 0.99 ICC 0.73 (0.59–0.83), 0.74 (0.61–0.84), 0.83 (0.73–0.90), 0.84 (0.74–0.90) ICC 0.75 (0.61–0.84), 0.97 (0.90–0.99) ICC 0.99 (0.98–0.99) ICC 0.06, 0.18, 0.19, 0.22, 0.25, 0.27, 0.30, 0.36, 0.40, 0.44, 0.47, 0.49, 0.68, 0.69 |
Good
Good (intra-rater) Moderate–Good (inter-rater) Moderate–Good Good Poor–Moderate |
| Abduction | Lim et al. (2015) Shin et al. (2012) Werner et al. (2014) Mejia-Hernandez et al. (2018) |
ICC 0.72, 0.89, 0.95, 0.97 ICC 0.96, 0.97, 0.99 |
ICC 0.79, 0.94 ICC 0.70, 0.72, 0.78, 0.79 ICC 0.72 (0.58–0.83), 0.91 (0.68–0.97) ICC 0.99 (0.99–1.00) |
Moderate–Good
Good (intra-rater) Moderate (inter-rater) Moderate–Good Good |
| Glenohumeral abduction | Mejia-Hernandez et al. (2018) | ICC 0.98 (0.97–0.99), 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | Good | |
| External rotation | Chan et al. (2010) Mitchell et al. (2014) Shin et al. (2012) Werner et al. (2014) Mejia-Hernandez et al. (2018) |
ICC 0.94, 0.96 ICC 0.79 (0.70–0.86) ICC 0.95, 0.97, 0.98 |
ICC 0.88, 0.98 ICC 0.94 (0.87–0.98) ICC 0.76, 0.77, 0.78, 0.89, 0.90 ICC 0.85 (0.57–0.95), 0.86 (0.79–0.92), 0.88 (0.66–0.96) ICC 0.99 (0.98–0.99) |
Good
Moderate (intra-rater) Good (inter-rater) Good (intra-rater) Moderate–Good (inter-rater) Good Good |
| Internal rotation | Shin et al. (2012) Werner et al. (2014) Mejia-Hernandez et al. (2018) |
ICC 0.79, 0.97, 0.90, 0.93 0.99 | ICC 0.63, 0.66, 0.67, 0.68 ICC 0.81 (0.70–0.88), 0.86 (0.48–0.93) ICC 0.98 (0.97–0.99), 0.98 (0.96–0.98) |
Moderate–Good
Good Good |
| Scaption | Ramos et al. (2019) | ICC −0.04, 0.10, 0.12, 0.31, 0.32, 0.39, 0.40, 0.45, 0.47, 0.52, 0.57, 0.63 | ICC −0.17, −0.06, 0.03, 0.07, 0.23, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.36, 0.45, 0.54, 0.73, 0.75, 0.81 |
Poor–Moderate (intra-rater)
Poor–Good (inter-rater) |
| Digital Inclinometer/Goniometer | ||||
| Shoulder | ||||
| Flexion | Dougherty et al. (2015) Kolber et al. (2011) Scibek et al. (2013) Correll et al. (2018) |
ICC 0.77, 0.82 ICC 0.83 ICC 0.67, 0.80, 0.90, 0.92, 0.96 ICC 0.86, 0.88 |
ICC 0.58 ICC 0.18, 0.33, 0.50, 0.62, 0.68, 0.72, 0.76, 0.78, 0.85 ICC 0.89 |
Moderate
Moderate (intra-rater) Poor (inter-rater) Moderate–Good (intra-rater) Poor–Moderate (inter-rater) Good |
| Elevation | Walker et al. (2016) | ICC 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.95 | Good | |
| Glenohumeral flexion | Dougherty et al. (2015) Scibek et al. (2013) |
ICC 0.75, 0.77 ICC 0.75, 0.92, 0.94, 0.96, 0.99 |
ICC 0.14, 0.35, 0.43, 0.63, 0.65, 0.69, 0.72, 0.83 |
Moderate
Moderate–Good (intra-rater) Poor–Good (inter-rater) |
| Abduction | deWinter et al. (2004) Kolber et al. (2011) Poser et al. (2015) Dougherty et al. (2015) Scibek et al. (2013) Walker et al. (2016) Correll et al. (2018) |
ICC 0.91 ICC 0.83, 0.92, 0.93, 0.96 ICC 0.73, 0.76 ICC 0.91, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.99 ICC 0.89, 0.90, 0.91, 0.94 ICC 0.86, 0.91 |
ICC 0.28, 0.78, 0.83 ICC 0.95 ICC 0.27, 0.32, 0.40, 0.60, 0.63, 0.64 ICC 0.48, 0.56, 0.58, 0.62, 0.65, 0.68, 0.70, 0.80, 0.83 ICC 0.93 |
Poor–Good
Moderate Moderate–Good (intra-rater) Poor–Moderate (inter-rater) Moderate Good (intra-rater) Poor–Good (inter-rater) Good Good |
| Glenohumeral abduction | Dougherty et al. (2015) | ICC 0.60, 0.75 | Moderate | |
| Horizontal abduction | Poser et al. (2015) | ICC 0.66, 0.81, 0.91, 0.94, 0.96 | ICC 0.17, 0.18, 0.24, 0.28, 0.31 |
Moderate–Good (intra-rater)
Poor (inter-rater) |
| Digital Inclinometer/Goniometer External rotation |
Awan et al. (2002) Cools et al. (2014) deWinter et al. (2004) Kolber et al. (2011) Poser et al. (2015) Dougherty et al. (2015) Walker et al. (2016) Correll et al. (2018) |
ICC 0.58, 0.67 ICC 0.98, 0.95, 0.98 ICC 0.94 ICC 0.93, 0.94, 0.96, 0.97 ICC 0.28, 0.61, 0.66, 0.64, 0.68, 0.71 ICC 0.90, 0.94, 0.95 ICC 0.89, 0.90 |
ICC 0.41, 0.51 ICC 0.98 ICC 0.56, 0.88, 0.90 ICC 0.88 ICC 0.70, 0.71, 0.72, 0.73, 0.76, 0.77 ICC 0.98 |
Poor–Moderate (intra-rater)
Poor (inter-rater) Good Poor–Good Good Good (intra-rater) Moderate (inter-rater) Poor–Moderate Good Good |
| Internal rotation | Awan et al. (2002) Cools et al. (2014) Kolber et al. (2011) Poser et al. (2015) Dougherty et al. (2015) Walker et al. (2016) Correll et al. (2018) |
ICC 0.64, 0.65, 0.72 ICC 0.89, 0.98, 0.99 ICC 0.87 ICC 0.91, 0.92, 0.94, 0.96, 0.97 ICC 0.64, 0.68 ICC 0.85, 0.90, 0.93, 0.96 ICC 0.82, 0.85 |
ICC 0.50, 0.52, 0.62, 0.66 ICC 0.96, 0.98 ICC 0.93 ICC 0.63, 0.66, 0.73, 0.76, 0.78 ICC 0.96 |
Poor–Moderate
Good Good Good (intra-rater) Moderate (inter-rater) Poor–Moderate Moderate–Good Moderate–Good |
| Scaption | Kolber et al. (2012) | ICC 0.88 | ICC 0.89 | Good |
ICC = intra-class correlation coefficient. Level of reliability determined by the criteria identified by Swinkels et al. [87].