Table 3.

Biological activity of bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs).

Plant Extract	BNPs Types	Size	Activity	Ref.
Kigelia africana	Cu–Ag	10 nm	Antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and against the fungus (Candida albicans).	[72]
Stigmaphyllon ovatum	Ag–Au	14.9 nm	(In vitro) anticancer activity against HeLa cells.	[46]
Guazuma ulmifolia	Au–Ag	10–20 nm	Anticancer activity against HeLa cells. Antibacterial and antifungal activity. Catalytic activity against Congo red and 4-nitrophenol.	[142]
Melia azedarach	Au–Ag	10–20 nm	Antibacterial against Bacillus cereus, Cronobacter sakazakii, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Candida albicans.	[143]
Solidago canadensis	Au–Ag	25.9 nm	Catalytic activity.	[14]
Salvadora persica	Ag–Ni	23.67 nm	Antioxidant activity.	[113]
Dovyalis caffra	Ag–Au	9–14 nm	Anticancer activity against the MCF7 cell line.	[144]
Terminalia arjuna	Cu–Ag	10–20 nm	The cytotoxic effect of biohybrid nanomaterials on different cell lines, MDA-MB-231, HeLa, SiHa, and He-G2 and non-toxic against Vero (normal epithelial cells). Antibacterial activity against bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus.	[124]
Crocus sativus	Ag–Pt	36.0 nm	Antioxidant and antibacterial against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cytotoxic effect against pathogenic microbes and MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Catalytic activity in the reduction of methyl orange.	[49]
Madhuca longifolia	Au–Ag	34–66 nm	Improving wound healing in vivo were examined in models of Swiss bee mice.	[57]
Commelina nudiflora	Au–Ag	20–80 nm	Bactericidal activity against selective oral pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis).	[56]
Mirabilis jalapa	ZnO–Ag	19.3–67.4 nm	Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antileishmanial activity.	[74]
Arachis pintoi	Ag–Mn	3.3 nm	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus.	[145]
Vitex negundo	Ag–Cu	≈60 nm	Nanocomposites showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative.	[146]
Trifolium repens	Au–Ag	15–20 nm Spherical	Electrochemical biosensor for the development of a respiration sensor for the detection of early gastric cancer.	[147]
Pulicaria undulata	Au–Ag	20–50 nm	Catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol.	[58]
Vernonia mespilifolia	Ag–Pt	35.5 ± 0.8 nm, Spherical	Antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS.	[60]
Terminalia chebula	Ag–Pt	20 nm Spherical	Anticancer activity against human lung cancer A549 cells. Antibacterial activity against MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	[47]
Asparagus racemosus	Au–Ag	10–50 nm	Antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity.	[53]
Citrus limon	Au–Pd	2 nm	Larvicidal activity against mosquito larvae (Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti) and non-target organs.	[67]
Toddy palm	Ag–Cu Cu–Zn	80–100 nm	Antibacterial activity against Alcaligenes faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Clostridium perfringens. Antitumor activity against nasopharyngeal cancer (KB) cells and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell lines.	[108]
Moringa oleifera	Ag–Cu	87 nm	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.	[148]
Asian palmyra palm	Ag–Co	-	Larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.	[141]
Geum urbanum	Ag–Au	50 nm	Evaluation of cytotoxicity.	[52]
Cannabis sativa	Au–Ag	48.79–83.44 nm	Antibacterial activity and antileishmanial activity against Leishmania promastigote major.	[119]
Annona muricata	Ag–Cu Ag–Zn	30 nm	Antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity.	[149]
Artocarpus heterophyllus	Au–Ag	15 nm	Significant antioxidant activity. Antibacterial activity for Gram-negative bacteria.	[55]
Achras sapota	Ag–Cu	≈20–40 nm Spherical	Investigated in vitro toxicity studies.	[150]
Phoenix dactylifera	Cu–Ag	26 nm	Catalytic activity for dye degradation (methylene blue) and antibacterial testing.	[135]
Quercetin and gallic acid	Ag–Se	30–35 nm	Antitumor effect on the proliferation/viability of Dalton lymphoma cell lines.	[89]