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. 2021 Dec 18;13(12):4550. doi: 10.3390/nu13124550

Table 2.

The role of SASP in various skin indications and evidence of probiotic impact.

Skin Disease SASP Factor(s) Involved Probiotic Influence on Factor(s) and Disease
Aging Upregulated:

  • Tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus was shown to suppress MMPs for wrinkle prevention in photoaged skin through inhibition of elastase activity [169,170].

  • An enrichment of Cyanobacteria can accompany a decrease in UV-induced damage and pigmentation, suggesting it to be a photoprotective species [57].
Carcinogenesis Upregulated:

  • p38 MAPK [86]

  • IL-1α [86]

  • p16 INK4a [88]

  • Propionibacterium acnes produces conjugated linoleic acid which was shown to inhibit carcinogenesis and modulate the immune system [171].
Dyspigmentation Modulated:

  • Tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus exhibits antimelanogenesis effects by inhibiting the cAMP pathway and suppressing melanin secretion [170].
Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis Upregulated:

  • IL-6, IL-1 [98,103]

  • TNF-α [98]

  • CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL8 [98]

  • T cells [103,104]

  • Lactobacillus pentosus was shown to decrease levels of TNF-α and IL-6 among other cytokines in psoriasis-like skin [99].
Acne Vulgaris Upregulated:

  • IL-1β, -8, -12 [111]

  • p53 pathway [110]

  • Streptococcus salivarius can inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes and downregulate IL-8 in epithelial cells and keratinocytes [175,176].
Chronic Wounds Upregulated:

  • CXCL1, CXCL2 [177]

  • p16INK4a, p53 [178]

  • MMPs [179]

  • Staphylococcus epidermis can suppress skin inflammation during wound repair [180].
Immunity Decline Dysregulated:

  • CD4+/CD8+ ratio [64,123]

  • Upregulated:

  • TNF-α [67]

  • IFN-γ [67]

  • IL-6 [124]

  • Colonization with Staphylococcus epidermis can enhance skin barrier and remodel skin immunity by inducing IL-17A+ CD8+ T cells [181].

MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL = interleukin; UV = ultraviolet; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinases; p16INK4a = cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; HGF = hepatocyte growth factor; CXCL = chemokine ligand; CD = cluster of differentiation; IFN-γ = interferon gamma.