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. 2021 Dec 4;12(12):1513. doi: 10.3390/mi12121513

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cross-sectional schematics of sweat lactate transport with different pumping materials at the interface with the skin. The pumping materials include (a) a 4 M glucose hydrogel patch, (b) a PBS hydrogel patch, and (c) a PDMS disk patch during HEX, PMEX, and PHEX trials. Schematic showing the sweat lactate transport in (d) a 4 M glucose hydrogel patch, (e) a PBS hydrogel patch, and (f) a PDMS disk patch during MEX and HEX trials. These schematics show that the osmotic sampling of lactate occurs only in a 4 M glucose hydrogel patch. The PBS hydrogel patch and PDMS disk patch sample lactate from active sweat.