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. 2021 Dec 10;26(24):7487. doi: 10.3390/molecules26247487

Table 3.

Local and commercial diatomaceous earths (DEs) examined against immature and adult stages of arthropod pests of agricultural interest. In addition to the mortality rates, the SiO2 content (%) and the diameter of particles (μm) are reported. NA = not available data.

Pest
Species		 Family Order Developmental Stage Tested DE SiO2
Content (%)		 Ø
Particles (µm)		 Formulation Mortality Rates References Notes
Agrotis
ipsilon 		Noctuidae Lepidoptera IV instar larvae Local Raw DE NA NA DE suspended in water Low concentration: 10%
High concentration: 70%		 [146] Low concentration 1 g/L
High concentration 4 g/L
Aphis
craccivora 		Aphididae Hemiptera All stages Fossil Shield® 73 5–30 DE suspended in water + neem oil Mean number of aphids/plant 2.2 [138] Limited effects on the predator Menochilus sexmaculatus
Atta sexdens
rubropilosa 		Formicidae Hymenoptera Ant colonies NA NA NA Dry Inactivity of the nests: 5.26–31.57% [147]
Bemisia
argentifolii 		Aleurodidae Hemiptera Nymphs HYFLO® NA NA DE + Isaria fumosorosea (612 strain) Infected/dead nymphs ranged between 53% and 42.8%, day 4 and 6 respectively [137]
Epilachna
vigintioctopunctata 		Coccinellidae Coleoptera Larvae + Adults Fossil Shield 90.0 S® 60–80 5–30 DE FS 90.0 Adult: ≈75%; Larvae: ≈40% [148] After 48 h
Franklinella
fusca 		Thripidae Thysanoptera All stages Celite®610 (Deadzone) 85 NA DE
DE + Orthene® 		% of thrips/plant
DE < DE + Orthene® 		[149] Average number of thrips per plant 2 days after insecticide application
Franklinella
occidentalis 		Thripidae Thysanoptera Adults Puliantagai® 85 NA (i) DE + M. flavoridae
(ii) DE + M. flavoridae +
Imidacloprid		 (i) LT50 3.77 days
(ii) LT50 4.23 days		 [92]
Franklinella
occidentalis 		Thripidae Thysanoptera Nymphs Puliantagai® 85 NA (i) DE + M. flavoridae
(ii) DE + M. flavoridae +
Imidacloprid		 (i) LT50 4.26 days
(ii) LT50 2.45 days		 [92]
Myzus
persicae 		Aphididae Hemiptera All stages NA NA NA DE + Thymus capitatus EO Mortality 97.84% [136] After 24 h
Myzus
persicae 		Aphididae Hemiptera All stages Fossil Shield® 60–80 5–30 DE alone
DE + neem oil		 Fossil-Shield 68.6%
Fossil-Shield + neem oil: 96.4%		 [139] Limited effects on Chrysoperla carnea, Orius spp., Coccinella spp., and Scymnus spp.
Myzus
persicae 		Aphididae Hemiptera All stages Pyrisec® NA NA DE
DE + Paecilomyces lilacinus 		DE: 35–40% after 8 days
DE + P. lilacinus: 54.83% after 8 days		 [42] 25% pyrethrum, 3.1% pipronylbutaoxide, and 97.5% diatomaceous earth (SilicoSec®)
Myzus
persicae 		Aphididae Hemiptera All stages Pyrisec® NA NA DE
DE + Paecilomyces lilacinus 		DE: ≈40% after 10 days
DE + P. lilacinus: ≈60% after 10 days		 [42] 25% pyrethrum, 3.1% pipronylbutaoxide, and 97.5% diatomaceous earth (SilicoSec®)
Rhopalosiphum
padi 		Aphididae Hemiptera All stages NA NA 2.6 DE suspended in water Wheat plant dusted with different dosages of DE did not show any visible injury [133] Reduction in chlorophyll content was observed in them.
Solenopsis
invicta 		Formicidae Hymenoptera Worker ants NA NA NA Dry + fungi Thelohania solenopsae + DE: 89%
Beauveria bassiana + DE: <50%		 [131] After 10 days
Spodoptera
eridiana 		Noctuidae Lepidoptera II instar larvae KeepDry® 86 15 DE suspended (alone)
DE suspended + neem oil		 DE: 46.6%
DE + neem: 93.7%		 [132] DE highest dose
non-additive synergistic
Spodoptera
exigua 		Noctuidae Lepidoptera III instar larvae Sayan® 92 50 DE suspended in water Mortality: 59.25%,
concentration of 20%		 [150] After 72 h
Spodoptera
frugipreda 		Noctuidae Lepidoptera II instar larvae Dezone 85 NA DE suspended in water High maize grain yield 7387 kg/ha. [134]
Spodoptera
frugiperda 		Noctuidae Lepidoptera II instar larvae KeepDry® 86 15 DE suspended (alone)
DE suspended + neem oil		 DE: 76.2%
DE + neem: 66.6%		 [132] DE highest dose
additive effect
Spodoptera
littura 		Noctuidae Lepidoptera III instar larvae Fossil Shield 90.0® 60–80 5–30 DE suspended in water ≈70% after 48 h [148]
Tetranychus
urticae 		Acarina Tetranychidae Adult (♀) DE_cide 67 NA DE suspended in water Contact mortality: 24.6% [140] Limited impact on TSSM predators (Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus fallacis and Stethorus punctillum).