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. 2021 Dec 10;12:770861. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.770861

TABLE 2.

Subgroup analysis for the effects of probiotics on TNF-α.

Subgroup No. of trials No. of participants I 2 (%) Pooled SMD [95% CI]
Probiotics dose
 ≥1010 CFU/day 5 231 0 −0.65 [−0.92, −0.39]
 <1010 CFU/day 5 226 0 −0.12 [−0.38, 0.14]
 NR 1 41 0 −0.26 [−0.88, 0.36]
Probiotics strain
 Single 6 237 0 −0.19 [−0.44, 0.07]
 Multiple 5 261 16.6 −0.55 [−0.82, −0.27]
Duration of intervention
≤8 weeks 6 255 0 −0.47 [−0.72, −0.22]
>8 weeks 5 243 19.1 −0.27 [−0.56, 0.01]
Method of administration
 Powder/capsule 6 260 0 −0.56 [−0.81, −0.31]
 Food 5 238 0 −0.18 [−0.44, 0.07]

CFU, colony forming unit; SMD, standardized mean difference.