Table 1.
Summary on the protective effects of M. oleifera against kidney diseases.
| Sl. No. |
Experimental Model | Treatment Dose of Moringa Extract |
Major Research Outcomes | Molecular Markers | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | STZ-induced nephrotoxic male Wister rats | 250 mg/kg b wt for 6 weeks | Amelioration of oxidative stress and inflammation | ↓MDA and ROS ↑CAT, SOD, GSH, and GPx ↓TNF-α and IL-6 |
[36] |
| 2 | db/db mice | 150 mg/kg/day for 5 weeks | Oxidative stress and inflammation | ↓LDL ↓TNF-a, ↓IL-1b, ↓IL-6, ↓COX-2, and ↓iNOS |
[20] |
| 3 | Ischemia-reperfusion induced Wistar rats | 200 mg/kg for 7 days; 400 mg/kg, 7 days by flank incision | Oxidative stress | ↓MDA, ↑PC, ↓AOPP, ↓NO, ↓H2O2, ↓GPx and GST, ↑GSH |
[24] |
| 4 | CoCl2-induced rats | Orally received 400 mg/kg bw/day for 6 weeks | Oxidative stress Inflammation and Apoptosis |
↓MDA, ↓H2O2, ↓8-OHdG, ↓CRP, ↓MPO, ↓TNF-α, and ↓NO ↓TNF-α, and NO↓ |
[37] |
| 5 | Gentamicin (GENT) induced Wistar rats | Orally treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day for 28 days | Oxidative stress | ↓K+ level, ↓plasma creatinine, ↑Creatinine clearance, ↓MDA, ↑SOD |
[23] |
| 6 | Nickel-induced Wistar rats | 5% M. oleifera 10% M. oleifera 15% M. oleifera |
Oxidative stress | ↓plasma creatinine, ↓urea, and ↑potassium, ↑plasma level of sodium |
[38] |
| 7 | Methotrexate (MTX)-induced Mice | 300 mg/kg body weight, orally for 7 days | Oxidative stress Inflammation Apoptosis |
↓urea and ↓creatinine, ↓total protein, ↓MDA, ↑SOD and ↑GSH, ↑HO-1, ↑Nrf-2 ↓NF-kB, ↓Caspase-9 |
[25] |
| 8 | Tilmicosin (Til) induced Sprague Dawley rats | 400 or 800 mg/kg bw, by oral gavage for 7 days | Oxidative stress, inflammation |
↓H2O2, ↓MDA, ↑SOD, ↑GPx, mRNA expression ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β |
[39] |
| 9 | Hg-induced Male Wistar rats | 1.798 mg/kg p.o three times per week for 21 days | Oxidative stress | ↓MDA level, ↑SOD, and ↑CAT | [40] |
| 10 | TiO2NPs induce male albino rats | Daily oral dose of 400 mg/kg b w for 60 days | Oxidative stress Inflammation |
↓MDA, ↑SOD, ↑GSH, ↑GST,↑GPx, ↑Total thiol and ↑HO-1, ↑Nrf2 ↓KIM-1, ↓NF-кB, ↓TNF-α, and ↓HSP-70 |
[41] |
| 11 | NaF induced Oreochromis niloticus | 6.1 mg/L for 8 weeks | Oxidative stress | ↓MDA, ↑SOD, ↑CAT, ↑GSH, ↑GPx, ↑TAC |
[42] |
| 12 | Gentamicin-induced (80 mg/kg) Rabbit | 150 mg/kg body for 10 days, 300 mg/kg wt. for 10 days | Oxidative stress | ↓Serum urea and creatinine levels, ↓LPO |
[43] |
| 13 | Lead treated Male Wistar rats | 500 mg/kg for 7 days | Oxidative stress | ↓ROS, ↓LPP, ↓TPCC, ↓metal content, | [44] |
| 15 | Beryllium-induced rats | 150 mg/kg daily for 5 weeks | Oxidative stress | ↓LPO, ↑GSH, ↑antioxidant enzymes activities, ↑G-6-Pase activity | [45] |
| 16 | Arsenic-induced toxicity in rats | 500 mg/kg, orally, once daily | Oxidative stress | ↑ALAD, ↑GSH,↓ROS, ↑SOD, ↑Catalase, ↓GSSG |
[46] |
| 17 | Heat stress (HS)-induced rabbits | 100, 200, and 300 mg, 6 weeks | Inflammation | ↑cortisol, ↑adrenaline, ↑leptin, ↓IFN-γ, ↓TNF-α, ↓urea, and ↓creatinine, ↓IL-10, ↑NK, and ↑Treg |
[47] |
| 18 | ML-induced male Sprague Dawley rats | Orally 800 mg/kg bw 800 mg/kg bw | Oxidative stress, Inflammation Apoptosis |
↓Total bilirubin, ↓direct bilirubin, ↓indirect bilirubin, ↓urea, and ↓creatinine ↑serum levels of protein, ↑albumin, ↑globulin, ↑GPx, and ↑CAT ↓KIM-1, and ↓TNF-α and ↑Bcl-2, ↓TIMP-1 |
[48] |
| 20 | Seabream (Sparus aurata) | 10% M. oleifera 4 weeks | Inflammation | ↓TGF-β and ↓TNF-α ↑ACH50 and ↑lysozyme activities and ↑IgM level ↑ (lyso and c3), ↑ (occludin and zo-1) |
[49] |
| 21 | APAP-treated mice | 100 mg/kg of bw, 200 mg/kg bw |
Oxidative stress, inflammation |
↑SOD, ↑CAT and ↑GPx, ↓MDA, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-10 |
[50] |
| 22 | Iodide injected Rabbit | 50 mg/kg body weight, orally once daily for 27 sequential days | Oxidative stress | ↓MDA, ↑GSH, ↓NO, ↓lipid peroxidation, ↓ROS | [51] |
| 23 | Glycerol induced rat | 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg for 7 days | Oxidative stress Inflammation |
↑SOD, ↑GST, ↑GPX, ↑GSH ↓MPO, ↓Creatinine, ↓BUN, ↓NO ↓H2O2, ↓AOPP, ↓MDA, ↓PC,↑PT, ↑NPT,↓KIM-1 and ↓NF-ҝB |
[52] |
| 24 | Salmonella-induced mice | 14, 42 and 84 mg/kg/day for 28 days | Oxidative stress inflammation |
↑HO-1, ↑SOD-2 ↑Nrf-2 |
[53] |
| 25 | STZ-induced rats | 250 mg/kg and SRC. 42 days | Oxidative stress inflammation |
↓LDL, ↑HDL, ↓CHOL, ↑ORAC ↓IL-6, ↓TNF-α, and ↓MCP-1 |
[54] |
| 26 | TGF-β-treated rat kidney fibroblast cells | 10, 50, and 100 µg/mL | Fibrosis | ↓Type I collagen, fibronectin, and PAI-1 ↓TβRII and Smad4, and phospho-ERK |
[55] |
| 27 | Gentamicin-induced Wistar rats | 28 days at graded doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg | Nephrotoxicity | ↓Creatinine and MDA ↑SOD |
[23] |
MDA, Malondialdehyde; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-6, interleukin-6; STZ, streptozotocin (C8H15N3O7); GSH: glutathione; CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPx, Glutathione peroxidase; IL-1β, Interleukin 1 beta; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; AOPP, advanced oxidation protein products; PC, protein carbonyls; NO, nitricoxide; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; MPO, myeloperoxidase; CRP, C-reactive protein; MTX, methotrexate; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; LPP, lipid perioxidation products; TPCC, total protein carbonyl content; ALAD, delta-amino levulinic acid dehydratase; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; KIM-1, transmembrane tubular protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; CHOL, Cholesterol; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; and APAP, acetaminophen. ↑, increased; ↓, decreased.