AD	Alzheimer’ s disease
AGC	cAMP-dependent, cGMP-dependent and protein kinase C
AGEs	advanced glycation end-products
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ARE	antioxidant response element
BCR	BTB-CUL3-RBX1
BTB	bric-a-brac, tram-track and broad-complex
CAT	Catalase
CBP	CREB-binding protein
CDK5	cyclin-dependent kinase 5
CREB	cAMP-response element-binding protein
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinases
GCLC	glutathione cysteine ligase modifier subunit
GPx	glutathione peroxidase
GR	glutathione reductase
GSH	Glutathione
GSK3	glycogen synthase kinase 3
HIF-1	hypoxia-inducible factor 1
HO-1	heme oxygenase-1
IDF	International Diabetes Federation
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
IRS1	receptor substrate-1
JNK	cJun N-terminal kinases
Keap1	kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1
MAPKs	mitogen-activated protein kinases
Neh	Nrf2-ECH homology
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B
NQO-1	NAD(P)H- quinone oxidoreductase-1
Nrf2	nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PERK	protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol-3 phosphate
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinases
PIP3	phosphatidyl inositol triphosphate
PKC	protein kinase C
RNS	reactive nitrogen species
ROS	reactive oxygen species
GSH	glutathione
RXRα	retinoid x receptor α
sMAF	small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma
SOD	superoxide dismutase
SPAK	stress-activated protein kinases
T1DM	type 1 diabetes
T2DM	type 2 diabetes
TEM	tumor microenvironment
Trx	thioredoxin
TrxR	thioredoxin reductase
β-TrCP	β-transducin repeat-containing protein