Table 2.
Summary of the most important data based on the qualification according to the type of nanosystem, type of CD used, types of polymers, and results regarding drug loading, release mechanism, and in vivo studies (if available) from Section 2.3, Section 2.4, Section 2.5 and Section 2.6.
| System | CD | API | Loading Capacity | Loading Efficiency | Drug Release Mechanism | In Vivo Studies | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polymeric nanosystems based on CDs | βCD polymer-based nanosponge | βCD | Temoporfin | - | - | Diffusive release under tumor spheroid conditions | - | [97] |
| βCD polymer-based nanocarrier | βCD | Sorafenib | ~5.7 and ~9.9 mg/g | - | Diffusive release under cell and mice pshysiological conditions | Toxicity and accumulation | [98] | |
| βCD-based polymer with RGD peptides | βCD | DOX | - | - | Diffusive release under carcinogenic cellular conditions | - | [99] | |
| Cationic βCD polymer with fluorescent probe nanocarrier | βCD | Diclofenac | 16% | 100% | Diffusive release under physiological conditions | - | [100] | |
| βCD polymer-based nanoparticle | βCD | Ethionamide and BDM-smart420-booster | ~21 and ~6 mg/g | - | - | - | [102] | |
| 25 mg/g | - | Diffusive release in vivo | Efficacy | [101] | ||||
| Pseudopolyrotaxane-βCD-based polymer | βCD | Novobiocin | 23% | - | Diffusive release under physiological conditions | - | [103] | |
| Vancomycin | 6% | - | ||||||
| Novobiocin | 18% | - | ||||||
| Vancomycin | 6% | - | ||||||
| βCD-based nanosponge tablet | βCD | Paracetamol, aceclofenac and caffeine | - | 81–89% | Diffusive release from the tablet | - | [104] | |
| βCD-based nanosponge suspension | βCD | Nifedipine | - | 78% | Diffusive release under simulated gastric fluid | Oral bioavailability | [105] | |
| βCD polymer-based nanosponge | βCD | Atorvastatin | - | 34% | Diffusive release in dialysis sac methods | Oral bioavailability, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy | [106] | |
| βCD-based nanosponge tablet | βCD | Febuxostat | - | 88–100% | Diffusive release using dissolution apparatus | Oral bioavailability | [107] | |
| βCD polymer-based nanosponge functionalized with gold nanoparticles | βCD | Phenylethylamine | 90% | - | - | - | [110] | |
| 2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-thiazole | 150% | - | ||||||
| Graphene derivatives | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes CD-Maleic Anhydride-N-Isopropylacrylamide-Fluorescein-folic acid | βCD | Curcumin + DOX | 29 wt% (curcumin) and 19 wt% (DOX) | 92% | Temperature change, pH change and laser irradiation at 808 nm | Progression and regression of tumor in BALB/c mice model | [116] |
| Graphene oxide-L-phenylalanine-βCD | βCD | DOX | 85%, | 79% | pH change | - | [118] | |
| Graphene oxide-Fe3O4-βCD | Mono-6-deoxy-6-ethylenediamino-βCD | DOX | 4% | 37% | pH change | - | [119] | |
| Methotrexate | 2% | 23% | ||||||
| Graphene oxide-βCD-poly(amido amine) dendrimer | aminated-βCD | DOX | 0.4 mg/mg | - | pH change | - | [120] | |
| Camptothecin | 4.0 mg/mg | |||||||
| Protoporphyrin IX | 0.8 mg/mg | |||||||
| Graphene oxide + mPEG−QPDMAEMA/α-CD supramolecular hydrogel | αCD | 5-fluorouracil | 4.6 mg/g | - | Temperature change, pH change and UV irradiation responsive release | - | [121] | |
| βCD/Ni nanoparticle-modified GO and mitochondrial ion-targeting peptide-grafted hyaluronic acid | Mono-6-deoxy-6-ethylenediamino-βCD | DOX | >36% | - | AMF responsive release | - | [122] | |
| Core: Curcumin@CD-oxide graphene, Shell: Gallic acid@Chitosan | 6-O-monotosyl-βCD | Curcumin | pH change | - | [123] | |||
| Gallic acid | ||||||||
| βCD/Carbon dots | βCD | DOX | 27% | - | pH change | - | [125] | |
| Associated to inorganic nanoparticles | Tetra-ortho-methoxy-substituted azobenzene/βCD-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles | aminated-βCD | p-Coumalic acid | - | - | Green light (520 nm) | - | [128] |
| Gold nanostar modified with cationic βCD-based polymer | βCD | Phenylethylamine and piperine | 95% | 91–76% | - | - | [143] | |
| Electrospun CD/Ag nanoparticles nanofibers | HPβCD | Ag nanoparticles | - | - | ions on agar plates | - | [144] | |
| Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with loaded mono-6-thio-βCD | 6-thio-βCD | DOX | 90% | - | pH change | - | [41] | |
| Nickel ferrite nanoparticles covered with CD-dextran polymers | Mono-6-deoxy-6-aminoethylamino-βCD | camptothecin | - | - | pH change | - | [146] | |
| ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots on βCD/chitosan polymer | βCD | Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid | 22% | - | pH change | Biodistribution in a melanoma animal model injected subcutaneously | [148] | |
| Other nanosystems | Mesoporous silica nanoparticles modified with CDs/2-diazo-1,2-naphthoquinone nanovalves | βCD | DOX | 5% | 69% | NIR light irradiation | Intratumoral injection in tumor-bearing mice | [150] |
| MOF nanoparticles functionalized with iron (III) polycarboxylates/CDs | Phosphated CD | Azidothymidine-triphosphate | 8% | - | [154] | |||
| Janus gold nanostar–mesoporous silica nanoparticle modified with a thiolated photolabile molecule and proton-responsive benzimidazole-βCD | β-CD | DOX | - | - | NIR light irradiation | - | [156] | |
| βCD functionalized polyurethane fibrous membranes | βCD | Gentamicin sulphate | 68% | - | Diffusive release in PBS at pH 7.4 | Antibacterial activity against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative Escherichia Coli | [157] |