Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of different severity groups of DILI patients.
| Health Control (n = 31) |
Grade 1 (Mild) n = 32 |
Grade 2 (Moderate) n = 90 |
Grade 3 (Severe) n = 39 |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 50.1 ± 14.8 | 51.4 ± 14.9 | 51.1 ± 13.8 | 52.1 ± 15.5 | 0.937 |
| Female% | 16(51.6) | 26(81.3) | 55(61.1) | 29(74.4) | 0.071 |
| Alcohol use | 7(22.6) | 5(15.6) | 17(18.9) | 6(15.4) | 0.852 |
| Hypertension | 7(22.6) | 7(21.9) | 20(22.2) | 6(15.4) | 0.661 |
| Latency | |||||
| <5 days | / | 6(18.8) | 7(7.8) | 1(2.6) | 0.179 |
| 5 days–90 days | 23(71.9) | 76(84.4) | 34(87.2) | ||
| >90 days | 3(9.4) | 7(7.8) | 4(10.3) | ||
| Liver biochemistries | |||||
| WBC (109/L) | 6.6(5.4, 7.6) | 4.6(3.8, 5.3) | 5(4.3, 6.8) | 7.2(4.7, 9.3) ## | <0.001 |
| ALB (g/L) | 47.5(45.1, 48.8) | 40.6(38, 42.6) | 36.4(32.5, 39.1) *** | 31.4(28.2, 33.5) ### | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 14(12, 22) | 401(246, 655.8) | 360.5(136.8, 715.8) | 337(131, 617) | 0.448 |
| AST (U/L) | 19(17, 21.5) | 200.5(96.3, 318.3) | 248(88.8, 474.3) | 211(117, 336) | 0.65 |
| TBA (μmol/L) | 5(3, 6) | 13.6(7, 20.6) | 151.4(117.9, 194.5) *** | 177(137, 210) | <0.001 |
| ALP (U/L) | 66(55, 82) | 120.5(98.3, 147.3) | 147.5(113.5, 217.8) | 116(99, 134) ### | <0.001 |
| GGT (U/L) | 24(14, 35) | 124(70, 194.8) | 128(73.5, 305) ** | 72(41, 122) ### | <0.001 |
| TB (μmol/L) | 12(8, 16) | 13.3(9.7, 18.6) | 241.3(111.6, 358.6) *** | 291(240.2, 443) | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.7(0.97, 2.31) | 1.15(0.74, 1.49) | 2.54(1.78, 3.52) *** | 1.63(1.06, 2.4) ### | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.54(4.06, 5.08) | 3.41(3.18, 4.05) | 3.52(2.81, 4.61) | 2.71(2.25, 3.19) ### | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.13(0.97, 1.31) | 1.07(0.79, 1.24) | 0.19(0.13, 0.43) *** | 0.15(0.12, 0.33) | <0.001 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.34(2.08, 3.01) | 1.78(1.37, 2.22) | 0.67(0.23, 1.42) *** | 0.68(0.18, 1.37) | <0.001 |
| VLDL (mmol/L) | 0.88(0.65, 1.13) | 0.69(0.55, 0.91) | 2.26(1.44, 3.45) *** | 1.45(0.6, 2.26) ### | <0.001 |
| INR | / | 0.99(0.96, 1.05) | 1.08(0.97, 1.23) * | 1.62(1.53, 2.16) ### | <0.001 |
| Pattern of liver injury (%) | |||||
| Hepatocellular | / | 26(81.3) | 57(63.3) | 25(64.1) | 0.025 |
| Cholestatic | 6(18.8) | 12(13.3) | 9(23.1) | ||
| Mixed | 0(0) | 21(23.3) | 5(12.8) | ||
| RUCAM score | |||||
| Highly probable (>8) | / | 3(9.4) | 1(1.1) | 1(2.6) | 0.094 |
| Probable (6–8) | 21(65.6) | 58(64.4) | 30(76.9) | ||
| Possible (3–5) | 8(25) | 31(34.4) | 8(20.5) |
Abbreviations: WBC: white blood cell; ALB: albumin; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; TBA: total bile acid; ALP: phosphatase alkaline; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; TB: total bilirubin; TG: Triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; INR: international normalized ratio; RUCAM: Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method. *: p < 0.05 moderate group vs. mild group; **: p < 0.01 moderate group vs. mild group; ***: p < 0.001 moderate group vs. mild group. ##: p < 0.01 severe group vs. moderate group; ###: p < 0.001 severe group vs. moderate group.