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. 2021 Dec 17;14(24):7839. doi: 10.3390/ma14247839

Table 5.

Correlations between the properties of the bitumen from LAS tests and cracking properties of asphalt mixtures from various tests.

Binder test/Parameter Asphalt Mixtures Test/Parameter R2 Interpolation Material Type
LAS vs. Asphalt Mixtures Tests
NoC to failure
[Testing conditions: intermediate PG temperature]		 Ratio between LTPP * Cracked Area & Pavement Thickness
[Testing conditions: intermediate PG temperature] 		0.64 [38] Eight LTPP binders
Damage parameter determined using VECD analysis of strain sweep data at 25% reduction in G*
[Testing conditions: 12.1 °C
8.6 °C
6.2 °C & 10 Hz ]		 Nf from FPBB test
[Testing conditions: 12.1 °C
8.6 °C
6.2 °C & 10 Hz ]		 0.98–0.99 [76]

  • PG 64-28 (Styrene-Butadiene Styrene Rubber)

  • PG 58-34 (Ethylene Ter-polymer)

  • PG 64-34 (Ethylene Ter-polymer)
A35 value (fatigue life of binder expressed as number of cycles)
[Testing conditions: 20 °C]		 Nf from FPBB test
[Testing conditions: 20 °C & 10 Hz]		 0.85–0.96 [79]

  • Conventional

  • Mixture modified with 6%LDPE

  • Mixtures with nano clay additives at 3 different percentages
Cumulative dissipated energy
[Testing conditions: 20 °C]		 0.92–0.95
Predicted Binder Fatigue life using S-VECD model
[Testing conditions: 18 °C]		 Field Nf@25 metres (m) cracking formulation from
FHWA **-ALF ***[Testing conditions: 18 °C] 		0.98 [80]

  • PG 64-22

  • PG 64-22 STA

  • PG 64-22 LTA

  • CR-TB

  • Terpolymer

  • SBS-LG
Binder Fatigue life coupled with S-VECD analysis
[Testing conditions: 19 °C] 		Fatigue life from controlled crosshead (CX) cyclic direct tension tests
[Testing conditions: 19 °C]		 0.84 [81]

  • PG 70-22

  • Mixtures modified with Evotherm 3G (0.5% by weight of total asphalt)

  • Mixtures modified with foaming additive (0.7% by weight of total asphalt)
LAS—‘A’ parameter [Testing conditions: 19 °C] Fatigue cracking from LTPP measurements
[Testing conditions: 19 °C] 		0.93 [82]

  • PG 64-28

  • PG 64-28-sbs

  • PG 58-34 Elvaloy

  • PG 64-34 Elvaloy
LAS—‘A’ parameter [Testing conditions: intermediate PG temperature] CTOD **** (mm) from DENT test
[Testing conditions: 25 °C]		 0.00 [74]

  • PG64-28 (Control)

  • PG64-28+PPA

  • PG64-34+SBS

  • PG76-22+SBS

  • PG64-22+12% GTR

  • PG64-28+Latex (2%)
LAS—‘B’ parameter
[Testing conditions: intermediate PG temperature] 		0.32
Nf@2.5% strain
[Testing conditions: intermediate PG temperature] 		0.48
Nf@5% strain
[Testing conditions: intermediate PG temperature] 		0.66
Nf@
3, 4, 5% strain
[Testing conditions: 25 °C]		 Nf from FPBB test
[Testing conditions: 25 °C & 10 Hz]		 0.94 [78]

  • PG 58-22 and PG 64-22

  • Mixtures of PG 58-22 and PG 64-22 modified with 4%, 8%, and 12% gilsonite, and 3% and 5% SBS (by mass of binder)
RDEC from FPBB test
[Testing conditions: 25 °C & 10 Hz] 		0.95
LAS—‘A’ parameter
[Testing conditions: 25 °C]		 Nf from FPBB test
[Testing conditions: 25 °C & 10 Hz]		 0.86
LAS—‘A’ parameter
[Testing conditions: 25 °C]		 RDEC from FPBB test
[Testing conditions: 25 °C & 10 Hz]		 0.90
Nf@2.5, 3.5 and 4% strain Nf from FPBB test@500, 700, 800 μstrain 0.87 [77]

  • Mixtures with 25% and 50% RAP

  • Mixtures with 25% and 50% RAP along with rejuvenator (7.5% by mass of the recycled asphalt binder)
Nf@2.5% strain IDT fatigue testing (ITFT) 0.93
Nf
[Testing conditions: 25 °C] 		Nf from FPBB test
[Testing conditions: 25 °C] 		0.99 [75]

  • Conventional plant-produced mixture

  • Plant-produced mixture with 35% RAP
0.95
Nf
[Testing conditions: 20 °C] 		Nf from FPBB test
[Testing conditions: 20 °C] 		0.99 [83]

  • VG 10 and VG 30

  • Mixtures modified with EVA and SBS
Nf
[Testing conditions: 20 °C] 		Nf from FPBB test
[Testing conditions: 20 °C] 		0.99 [6]

  • Mixtures with neat 30/45 binder

  • Mixtures with 3.0% and 7.5% SBS modified binder
Nf
[Testing conditions: 20 °C]		 Nf fromITFT test [Testing conditions: 20 °C] 0.37–0.98 [84]

  • Control

  • Mixtures modified with 3%, 6%, and 9% Siliceous additives

  • Mixtures modified with 3%, 6%, and 9% date seed ash (DSA)

  • Mixtures modified with 3%, 6%, and 9% limestone
A35
[Testing conditions: 20 °C] 		Nf from FPBB test
[Testing conditions: 20 °C] 		0.68 [10]

  • Conventional

  • RAP (20% & 40% RBR)

  • RAS (20% RBR)

  • RAS & RAP mixtures modified with Evotherm and water foam technologies
A35
[Testing conditions: 20 °C] 		Nf from FPBB test
[Testing conditions: 20 °C] 		0.863 [85]

  • AC-60/70

  • Mixtures modified with 2, 4, 6, and 8 percent of nano silica

LTPP *—long-term pavement performance, FHWA **—Federal Highway Administration, ALF ***—Accelerated Loading Facility, CTOD ****—critical tip opening displacement.