Table 4.
Interaction between nutrient intake and biomarkers of intestinal permeability and inflammation on the increase of metabolic parameters in all participants.
| Glucose β (95% CI) p |
Triglycerides β (95% CI) p |
Cholesterol β (95% CI) p |
LDL-C β (95% CI) p |
HDL-C β (95% CI) p |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ↑Zonulin + ↑Energy |
1.1 (−1.9, 4) 0.4 |
4.8 (0.3, 5.7) 0.3 |
0.5 (−7, 8.8) 0.9 |
3.5 (0.5, 10) 0.3 |
0.3 (0.1, 1) 0.3 |
| ↑Zonulin + ↑CHO |
1.7 (−1.3, 4.7) 0.2 |
3 (0.4, 7) 0.5 |
0.7 (−7, 9.8) 0.8 |
1.1 (0.3, 6) 0.7 |
0.1 (0.01, 0.6) 0.7 |
| ↑Zonulin + ↑Protein |
2 (−1.1, 5.3) 0.2 |
4.2 (0.6, 15.2) 0.4 |
4 (0.5, 12) 0.3 |
1.4 (−5, 8) 0.6 |
0.2 (0.04, 0.9) 0.5 |
| ↑Zonulin + ↑Fat |
0.1 (−2.8, 3.2) 0.9 |
−0.4 (−10.6, 9) 0.9 |
8.5 (0.5, 16) 0.03 |
0.2 (−7, 7) 0.9 |
0.2 (−0.6, 1.0) 0.6 |
| ↑Zonulin + ↑Chol |
−1.6 (−4.9, 1.6) 0.3 |
3 (0.2, 8.1) 0.6 |
0.4 (0.2, 0.6) 0.9 |
2.5 (−4.9, 10) 0.5 |
0.7 (0.05, 1.5) 0.06 |
| ↑Zonulin + ↑SFA |
0.3 (−2.3, 3) 0.8 |
9.2 (0.2, 18) 0.4 |
5.3 (0.6, 12) 0.1 |
−0.5 (−6, 5) 0.8 |
0.6 (00.02, 1.2) 0.06 |
| ↑LPS + ↑Energy |
2.93 (1.3, 4.7) 0.001 |
1 (0.1, 10.7) 0.8 |
0.7 (−9, 8.3) 0.9 |
1.6 (−9, 5) 0.6 |
0.5 (0.2, 1.2) 0.2 |
| ↑LPS + ↑CHO |
2.9 (1.2, 4.5) 0.001 |
3.5 (−5, 12.7) 0.5 |
1.6 (−10, 7.8) 0.7 |
0.8 (−6.3, 8) 0.8 |
0.1 (0.01, 0.5) 0.6 |
| ↑LPS + ↑Protein |
2.2 (0.6, 3.8) 0.001 |
−0.6 (−9.9, −1.0) 0.08 |
1.5 (−10.5, 7) 0.7 |
0.2 (−7, 7) 0.9 |
0.7 (0.04, 0.9) 0.07 |
| ↑LPS + ↑Fat |
1.8 (0.1, 3.5) 0.03 |
0.8 (−8.9, 10.6) 0.9 |
6.3 (−0.3, 15) 0.1 |
6.3 (−1.3, 14) 0.1 |
0.7 (−0.01, 1.4) 0.05 |
| ↑LPS + ↑Chol |
0.3 (−1.3, 1.9) 0.7 |
4.3 (0.6, 13.1) 0.03 |
2.3 (0.1, 6) 0.6 |
4.3 (−2.8, 11) 0.2 |
0.4 (−0.2, 1.1) 0.1 |
| ↑LPS + ↑SFA |
1.6 (0.1, 3) 0.02 |
8.1 (0.18, 16) 0.04 |
0.2 (−7.6, 7) 0.9 |
2.3 (−4, 8) 0.5 |
0.6 (0.01, 1.2) 0.05 |
| ↑hs-CRP + ↑Energy |
0.1 (−3.2, 3.4) 0.9 |
9.9 (1.2, 21.2) 0.08 |
12.5 (3, 21) 0.006 |
3.3 (0.5, 11) 0.4 |
0.4 (0.1, 2) 0.4 |
| ↑hs-CRP + ↑CHO |
0.3 (−2.9, 3.6) 0.8 |
12.3 (1.4, 23) 0.02 |
11.3 (2.7, 19.8) 0.01 |
0.7 (−8.1, 6.6) 0.8 |
−0.03 (−0.1, 0.4) 0.3 |
| ↑hs-CRP + ↑Protein |
4.2 (0.9, 7.5) 0.01 |
1.7 (−1.4, 20.2) 0.8 |
10.7 (1.9, 19) 0.01 |
1.9 (−9, 5) 0.6 |
0.1 (−0.06, 0.9) 0.7 |
| ↑hs-CRP + ↑Fat |
0.7 (−4.1, 2.6) 0.7 |
5.4 (1.6, 16) 0.03 |
16.6 (7.8, 25) 0.001 |
10.7 (1.9, 7) 0.01 |
0.2 (−0.6, 1.0) 0.6 |
| ↑hs-CRP + ↑Chol |
−2.7 (−4.8, 0.4) 0.09 |
3.9 (−0.6, 12.1) 0.4 |
6.6 (0.2, 15.6) 0.04 |
3.1 (−10.9, 3) 0.4 |
0.2 (−0.5, 0.6) 0.5 |
| ↑hs-CRP + ↑SFA |
1.2 (−1.3, 9) 0.4 |
9.2 (0.2, 18) 0.04 |
4.8 (0.6, 12) 0.1 |
3.5 (−6, 5) 0.3 |
−0.6 (−1.2, 0.2) 0.06 |
Regression model adjusted for age, sex, and physical activity. Data are presented in β coefficient and 95% confidence Interval. p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. High levels (↑) of biomarkers (Zonulin ≥ 51.6 ng/mL, LPS ≥ 1.35 EU/mL, hs-CRP ≥ 4.3 mg/L) and high intake (↑) of nutrients (Total fat ≥ 138 g, Total energy ≥ 3236 kcal, CHO ≥ 406 g, Protein ≥ 133 g, Chol ≥ 445 mg, ≥SFA 24.6 g), were considered above the third tertile. CHO, carbohydrate; Chol, cholesterol; SFA, saturated fatty acids; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol.