FIGURE 3.

TME involved in the processes of invasion–metastasis cascade. The cellular components in TME can be classified into cancer cells, stromal cells, and immune cells. These cells interact with each other through ligand‐receptor interactions, and the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, exosomes, and extracellular vesicles, forming an evolving microenvironment. Cancer cells that are good at recruiting and establishing a supportive metastatic niche may be able to survive and initiate the process of proliferation and metastasis. The formation of the metastatic niche may occur before the arrival of cancer cells, also known as pre‐metastatic niches. Here, we summarized the role of important cellular components in TME in tumor metastasis