Table 3.
Novel techniques enhancing toxicological investigation in zebrafish.
| Technique | Advantage for Toxicology | References |
|---|---|---|
| Refinement, Automation and High-Throughput Methods | ||
| Automated zebrafish egg sorting | less hands-on time | [220] |
| Automated removal of chorions | less hands-on time, prerequisite for toxicological screens |
[221] |
| Automated imaging systems | standardization of imaging and visual screening | [222] |
| Automated microinjection | standardization of microinjection | [223] |
| Dechorionated Zebrafish Embryo Developmental toxicity assay or culture assay | harmonized zebrafish developmental toxicology assay to assess teratogenic liability of pharmaceutical compounds | [224,225] |
| Cystic kidney disease model | automated morphological feature assessment | [226] |
| FISH inspector | automated morphological feature assessment | [227] |
| Multiparametric renal function assay | assessment of pronephric morphology, renal function and heart Rate |
[186] |
| Advanced visualization methods | ||
| Computer aided automation in imaging analyses | high throughput method for imaging data, highly comparable, standardised results | [77] |
| Automatic feature recognition | automatic quantification of changes, comparable, predefined parameters |
[228,229] |
| Novel genetic methods | ||
| Next-gen CRISPR/Cas9, single nucleotide editing |
establishment of precise genetic modifications | [230] |
| RNA-seq | whole-animal/tissue transcriptome analyses | Gene expression atlas for zebrafish developmental stages: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/experiments/E-ERAD-475; accessed on 9 December 2021 |
| scRNA-seq | single cell transcriptome analyses | [231] |