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. 2021 Dec 10;12:766293. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.766293

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Soluble non-starch polysaccharides from plantain inhibits C. difficile adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. (A) Adhesion of C. difficile isolate 80042 to confluent Caco-2 [Caco2] monolayers are significantly inhibited in the presence of plantain (NSP). (B) Pre-treatment with 10 mg/ml plantain NSP, blocked adhesion of C. difficile 80042 to three different intestinal cell-lines Caco-2, SW480 and SW620. Adhesion is expressed relative to CFU/mL found in the absence of plantain soluble dietary fibre, set as 100% (N = 3 experiments, n = 3 replicates; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; Kruskal-Wallis test or Mann Whitney U test). (C) Flow cytometric analysis of 1 × 106 Caco-2 cells in suspension, either uninfected (blue), co-incubated with 1 × 108 BCECF/AM-labelled C difficile 80042 for 1 h, either without (green), or with 30 min pre-treatment with 10 mg/ml plantain NSP (pink). (D) Data are based on 10,000 events, and representative of N = 4 separate experiments. Significant effect of NSP, as assessed by shift in mean fluorescence intensity, compared to infected controls (**p < 0.01, Kruskal-Wallis test). (E) Giemsa-stained C. difficile 80042 inoculated Caco-2 cells in the absence and presence of 10 mg/ml plantain NSP. Black arrows indicate adherent bacteria.