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. 2021 Dec 10;12:766293. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.766293

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Soluble NSP from plantain inhibits the epithelial adhesion of a panel of C. difficile clinical isolates differing in toxin expression and ribotype. Caco-2 [Caco2] cells underwent pre-treatment with 10 mg/ml plantain NSP for 30 min prior to inoculation with C. difficile at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100. Plantain NSP significantly inhibited adhesion to Caco-2 cell monolayers, of C. difficile clinical isolates positive for (A) all toxins (A, B and binary), (B) positive for toxin A and toxin B, (C) Toxin B only, and (D) toxin null strains. Clinical laboratory C. difficile isolate 80042 (ribotype 027) was used as a positive reference for plantain NSP inhibition of bacteria-epithelial cell adhesion, with adhesion to Caco-2 cells expressed relative to CFU/mL found in each untreated control (set as 100%). Significant differences from untreated control, ***p < 0.001, N = 3 experiments, n = 3 replicates; Kruskal-Wallis test).