Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Dec 10;12:766293. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.766293

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2021 Simpson, Roberts, Thompson, Leiper, Gittens, Trotter, Duckworth, Papoutsopoulou, Miyajima, Roberts, O’Kennedy, Rhodes and Campbell.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Soluble NSP from plantain inhibits C. difficile toxin-induced cytotoxicity in intestinal crypt stem cell-derived organoids. Intestinal organoid cultures were pre-treated for 30 min with 10 mg/ml plantain NSP before treatment with 10 and 100 ng/ml of C. difficile toxins, (A) TcdA or (B) TcdB. Plantain NSP significantly reduced TcdA- and TcdB-induced cytotoxicity (as assessed by rounding/circularity score) compared to vehicle (sterile PBS, pH 7.3) pre-treated controls. Organoid rounding was quantified as previously described (Parsons et al., 2015), with circularity values possible between 0 and 1, and where a score of 1 indicates a perfect circle. Data expressed as mean ± SD (N = 4). Significant differences of toxin-induced response to untreated controls, ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001, and plantain NSP versus vehicle pre-treated controls; **p < 0.01; One-way ANOVA, with Dunnett’s post-hoc test.