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. 2021 Dec 10;12:766293. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.766293

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Copyright © 2021 Simpson, Roberts, Thompson, Leiper, Gittens, Trotter, Duckworth, Papoutsopoulou, Miyajima, Roberts, O’Kennedy, Rhodes and Campbell.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Soluble NSP from plantain counters the pathogenic actions of C. difficile binary toxin (CDT) on human colonocytes. Treatment of the SW480 colonic cell-line with C. difficile binary toxin (CDT, 1–100 ng/ml for 24 h) resulted in dose-dependent induction of (A) apoptosis and (B) inflammation, which was significantly attenuated with plantain NSP pre-treatment (at 10 mg/ml for 30 min). Apoptosis was assessed by caspase 3/7 Glo assay (RFU, relative fluorescence emission units), and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 secreted to culture medium was assessed by ELISA. Data expressed as mean ± SD. Significant differences of toxin-treated cells from untreated controls; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001 and between plantain NSP and vehicle pre-treated cells, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; Kruskal-Wallis test; N = 2 experiments, n = 3 replicates.