Table 1.
Xenotransplantation.
| Xenotransplantation (From Human to Animal) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case No. | Aim | Cell Source | Host | Scaffold/Cell Sheet | Growth Factor | Results | Article |
| 1. | To explore the potential roles and molecular mechanisms of DPSCs in crushed nerve recovery. | human DPSCs extracted third molars or orthodontic teeth (15–25 years) | 32 adult male SD rats had nerve crush injury | cell sheets and N-DPSC | epidermal growth factor basic fibroblast growth factor | DPSCs are inclined to differentiate into neural cells. Could help crushed nerves with functional recovery and anatomical repair in vivo. Thus, DPSCs or N-DPSCs could be a promising therapeutic cell source for peripheral nerve repair and regeneration | [77] |
| 2. | Comparison of the bone formation capacity of DPSCs and ADSCs in vitro and in vivo. | hDPSCS (third molars) from 20–25-year-old individuals; ADSCs from 25–35-year-olds during liposuction. | 15 rats mandibular bone defect | alkaline phosphate (ALP) | Indicated the extensive potential of the DPSCs in tissue repair and regeneration. ADSCs exhibited greater osteogenic differentiation potential, higher expression of osteoblast marker genes and greater mineral deposition | [78] | |
| 3. | Comparison of the regeneration characteristics of cell sheets derived from dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs). | Human (DPSC, PDLSCs) and (SCAPs)—impacted third molars | subcutaneously into the dorsal surfaces of 5 10-week-old mice | cell sheet | vitamin C, hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) | Although in vitro DPSC, PDLSC and SCAP cell sheets have similar characteristics, their regenerative characteristics in vivo are different, with each showing potential application for regeneration of different tissues. Dental pulp stem cell sheet formed a loose connective tissue, rich in blood vessels, similar to dental pulp tissue, suggesting that DPSC sheet could be more suitable for dental pulp or vascular rich tissue regeneration. | [79] |
| 4. | Evaluation the effect of cell injection and cell sheet transplantation on periodontal regeneration in a swine model. | human DPSCs |
12 pigs were used to generate periodontitis lesions of the first molars for a total of 24 defects | HDPSC sheet group hDPSC injection group |
Vc xenobiotic-free cell culture reagents | Xenogeneic DPSC sheets and DPSC injection can be appropriate therapies for periodontal bone and soft tissue regeneration | [80] |
| 5. | DPSCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to evaluate the biological effects of SAP-based scaffolds. | hDPSC premolars, third molars (18–25 years) | 35 rats | Extracellular matrix (ECM)-like biomimetic hydrogels composed of self-assembling peptides (SAPs) scaffold with SAPs | Morphogenic signals in the form of growth factors (GFs) | DPSCs grown on this composite scaffold stimulating pulp recovery and dentin regeneration in vivo | [81] |
| 6. | Identification of the optimal dental source of MSCs through a biological and functional comparison of gingival (GMSCs) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) focusing mainly on their angiogenic potential | human MSCs from the dental pulp of the third molars and gingival tissues of the same patient |
24 NSG mice | Matrigel implants | endothelial cell growth medium | GMSCs displayed a higher capacity to proliferate, migrate and form angiogenic tubules compared with DPSCs in vitro and in vivo | [82] |
| 7. | Assessment viability of these 3D DPSC constructs for dental pulp regeneration through in vitro and in vivo studies | DPSCs from human adult third molars | DPSC were inserted into the human root canal, and then transplanted into the subcutaneous space of 6 mice | Rod-shaped 3D cell construct | OM for odontoblastic differentiation | DPSC constructs possess self-organizing ability and can be used for novel dental pulp regeneration therapy; fabrication of a scaffold-free, rod-shaped cell construct composed of DPSCs, using thermoresponsive hydrogel | [83] |
| 8. | Whether medium modification improves the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) in vitro and in vivo | DPSC human impacted third molar teeth | subcutaneous dorsal surface of the mice | hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate scaffold | bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) | Odontogenic differentiation of the isolated and characterised human DPSC was improved with medium modification by the addition of BMP2 in vitro and in vivo | [84] |
| 9. | Peptide hydrogel PuraMatrix™ was used as a scaffold system to investigate the role of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in triggering angiogenesis and the potential for regenerating vascularised pulp in vivo | DPSCs from extracted sound third molars from humans (18 to 25 years) | Root segments were implanted in the subcutaneous space of the dorsum of 20 5- to 7-week-old mice | peptide hydrogel PuraMatrix™ | - | Importance of a microenvironment that supports cell–cell interactions and cell migration, which contribute to successful dental pulp regeneration | [85] |
| 10. | Comparison of the biological properties of aged MDPSCs versus young MDPSCs | DPSCs from human third molars were collected from younger (19–30 years, n = 6) and older (44–70 years, n = 6) | SCID Mice (ischemic hidlimb) SCID Mice (subcutaneous) |
Tooth roots, collagen TE | - | The regenerative potential of MDPSCs is independent of age, demonstrating an immense utility for clinical applications by autologous cell transplantation in dental pulp regeneration and ischemic diseases | [86] |
| 11. | Investigation of the potential of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) to differentiate toward a skeletal myogenic lineage using several different protocols | human DPSCs (enclosed third molar of teenage subjects) hAFSCs |
mdx/SCID mice (gastrocnemius muscles (GMs) | Intramuscular injection of pre-differentiated DPSCs in myogenic medium |
- | Promoted angiogenesis and reduced fibrosis, improvement of pathological features of dystrophic skeletal muscle tissues, regeneration of muscles in Duchenne muscular dystrophy | [87] |
| 12. | Investigation of the therapeutic potential of intravenous and Intrapancreatic transplantation of human dental pulp stem cells in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes | DPSCs from human impacted third molars | 40 rats | hDPSCs were injected into the pancreas or tail vein after the induction of diabetes in nude mice | - | Human dental pulp stem cells can migrate and survive within streptozotocin-injured pancreas and induce antidiabetic effects through the differentiation and replacement of lost β-cells and paracrine-mediated pancreatic regeneration | [88] |
| 13. | Engineering sizable three-dimensional cartilage-like constructs using stem cells isolated from human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) | DPSCs from human premolars extracted for orthodontic treatment | 10 mice (8–10 weeks) | poly-l-lactic acid/polyethylene glycol (PLLA/PEG) electrospun fiber scaffolds | growth factor β3 (TGFβ3) | Immuno-selected DPSCs can be successfully differentiated toward chondrogenic lineage; it may be useful in future treatment of cartilage defects | [89] |
| 14. | How human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate after birth into endothelial cells that make up blood vessels | human permanent teeth (DPSC) or deciduous teeth (SHED) | MSCs seeded in human tooth slice/scaffolds were transplanted 8 mice | poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold | vasculogenic differentiation medium, i.e., endothelial cell growth medium (EGM2-MV, Lonza) supplemented with rhVEGF165. | VEGF signalling through the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway defines the vasculogenic fate of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells dental pulp stem cells can differentiate into endothelial cells that form blood vessels |
[90] |
| 15. | Illuminate the role of hsa_circ_0026827 in human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) during osteoblast differentiation. | human DPSCs |
15 mice | Bio-Oss Collagen scaffolds | osteogenic medium | hsa_circ_0026827 promotes osteoblast differentiation of DPSCs | [98] |
| 16. | Investigation of whether the combination of Bio-Oss scaffold with BMSCs and DMSCs promotes improved bone regeneration and osteogenesis-related protein expression in a rabbit calvarial defect model | human DPSCs and BMSCs | Rabbit calvarial defects | xenografts bio-oss | In the in vivo studies, the bone volume density in DPSCs group was significantly greater than that in the empty control or Bio-Oss only group | [99] | |
| 17. | Comparison of multiphase region-specific microscaffolds (polycarprolactione-hydroxylapatite) with spatiotemporal delivery of bioactive cues for integrated periodontium regeneration. | human DPSCs, PDLSCs, and ABSCs from 18–39-year-old patients | 20 mice (dorsum’s midsagittal plane) | Polycarprolactione-hydroxylapatite (90:10 wt%) scaffolds | GF Recombinant human amelogenin, connective tissue growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 | DPSC appears to differentiate into putative dentin/cementum, PDL and alveolar bone complex by scaffold’s biophysical properties and spatially released bioactive cues | [100] |
| 18. | To investigate the localisation of transplanted DPSCs in a mouse fracture model | human DPSCs |
27 mice (calvarial defect model) | - | helioxanthin derivative 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrido[40,30:4,5]thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (TH)) and osteogenic medium | OM + TH-treated DPSCs promoted fracture healing. Moreover, transplanted DPSCs had localised to the fracture site and were directly involved in fracture healing. | [101] |
| 19. | Investigation the expression and biological function of human β-defensin 4 (HBD4) in dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and explored its potential as a pulp capping agent | human DPSCs |
15 8-week-old male Wistar rats (holes in the centre of the bilateral maxillary first molar surface to expose the pulp chamber) | gelatin sponge | osteogenic induction medium adipogenic induction medium cartilage induction medium |
DPSC (with expression and biological function of human β-defensin 4 HBD4) controlled the degree of pulp inflammation in a rat model of reversible pulpitis and induced the formation of restorative dentin. DPSC may be a useful pulp capping agent for use in vital pulp therapy VPT. | [102] |
| 20. | Comparison of the stemness and differentiation potential of ACCs and DPSCs of human immature permanent teeth with the aim of determining a more suitable source of stem cells for regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex | human DPSCs 13 from permanent teeth of 12 children aged 6–18 years |
15 mice subcutaneous pockets made in 5-week-old male | biphasic calcium phosphate | osteogenic medium | In the in vivo study, ACCs and DPSCs formed amorphous hard tissue using macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate particles. Regarding regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex, the coronal pulp can be a suitable source of stem cells considering its homogenous lineages of cells and favorable osteo/odontogenic differentiation potential. | [103] |
| 21. | Exploration of the survival, differentiation and immunomodulatory ability of transplanted cells in the extreme inflammatory environment, and to investigate tissue regenerative capability and possible corresponding mechanisms of transplanted cells after spinal cord injury | human (18–22 years) DPSCs SHEDs |
32 male Wistar rats (10th spinal cord was completely transected) | natural and artificial scaffold | medium with ascorbic acid | DFSC demonstrated the potential in repairing the completely transected spinal cord and promoting functional recovery after injury | [104] |
| 22. | Evaluation clinical, histological and radiological osseous regeneration in a critical-sized bilateral cortico-medullary osseous defect in model rabbits from New Zealand after receiving a hydroxyapatite matrix and polylactic polyglycolic acid (HA/PLGA) implanted with human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) | human DPSCs extracted teeth for orthodontic reasons |
8 rabbits with critical-sized bilateral cortico-medullary osseous defect | hydroxyapatite matrix and polylactic polyglycolic acid (HA/PLGA)/DPSC matrix | BMP | HA/PLGA/DPSC scaffold was an effective in vivo method for mandibular bone regeneration | [105] |
| 23. | Determination of the effects of in vitro odontogenic/cementogenic differentiation on the in vivo tissue regeneration of (DPSCs) and (PDLSCs) | human DPSC from 16 human teeth and PDLSCs |
subcutaneously transplanted into the dorsal surface of 5-week-old male mice (n = 45) | scaffold macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate | odontogenic/cementogenic medium | Predifferentiated DPSCs and PDLSCS generated hard tissue closer to dentin and higher-quality and greater amounts of tissue for dental regeneration than undifferentiated | [108] |
| 24. | Differentiation of SHED and DPSCs into islet cells and assessment of their insulin secretory capacity in vitro and in vivo | SHED and DPSCs were obtained from human teeth (5–40 years old) | Balb/C 40 male mice, 6–8 weeks old | immuno-isolatory biocompatible macro-capsules | polyurethane-polyvinylpyrrolidone semiinterpenetrating network | Differentiation DPSCs to islet cells aggregates (ICA) similar to pancreatic islet cells. T source of human tissue that could be used for management of diabetes type 1. | [109] |