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. 2021 Nov 30;12(12):1488. doi: 10.3390/mi12121488

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The mechanism of LIPUS on bone tissue repair. The LIPUS waves from the transducer induce forces that activate integrins located in the cell membrane. The activation of integrins leads to the formation of focal adhesions, the phosphorylation of FAK, and the activation of the integrin/phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase/Akt pathway. This pathway leads to the formation of COX-2 and PGE2, which are critical for bone formation and fracture healing. Modified from the open access article by Harrison et al. [38]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier Ltd.