Table 3.
The associations between parameters related to physical activity (PA) (muscle strength, calf circumference (CC), thigh circumference (TC), creatinine and creatinine kinase (CK)) and gut microbiota composition (richness, α-diversity Shannon index, Faith’s phylogenetic diversity, Simpson index and inverse Simpson index) by multivariable linear regression models. Model 1 adjusted for ethnicity, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), 8 degrees of freedom (df); Model 2 = Model 1 plus diet (energy, macronutrients, and fiber), 13 df. N = 1308.
| Muscle Strength | CC | TC | Creatinine | CK | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Richness | Model 1 | R2 | 0.251 | 0.171 | 0.166 | 0.171 | 0.169 |
| R2 adj. | 0.244 | 0.166 | 0.160 | 0.166 | 0.164 | ||
| β | 0.121 | 5.322 | 0.282 | 0.679 | 0.046 | ||
| p-value | 0.119 | 0.005 | 0.525 | 0.016 | 0.128 | ||
| Model 2 | R2 | 0.185 | 0.186 | 0.181 | 0.185 | 0.183 | |
| R2 adj. | 0.178 | 0.179 | 0.174 | 0.178 | 0.176 | ||
| β | 0.154 | 5.106 | 0.216 | 0.682 | 0.040 | ||
| p-value | 0.038 | 0.005 | 0.609 | 0.012 | 0.174 | ||
| Shannon index | Model 1 | R2 | 0.207 | 0.209 | 0.207 | 0.213 | 0.205 |
| R2 adj. | 0.202 | 0.204 | 0.202 | 0.208 | 0.200 | ||
| β | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.000 | ||
| p-value | 0.087 | 0.010 | 0.044 | 0.000 | 0.504 | ||
| Model 2 | R2 | 0.227 | 0.227 | 0.225 | 0.002 | 0.224 | |
| R2 adj. | 0.220 | 0.220 | 0.218 | 0.001 | 0.217 | ||
| β | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.000 | ||
| p-value | 0.079 | 0.021 | 0.071 | 0.000 | 0.512 | ||
| Faith’s phylogenetic diversity |
Model 1 | R2 | 0.237 | 0.241 | 0.237 | 0.243 | 0.236 |
| R2 adj. | 0.232 | 0.236 | 0.232 | 0.239 | 0.231 | ||
| β | 0.004 | 0.249 | 0.030 | 0.046 | 0.000 | ||
| p-value | 0.235 | 0.004 | 0.141 | 0.000 | 0.727 | ||
| Model 2 | R2 | 0.253 | 0.255 | 0.251 | 0.257 | 0.251 | |
| R2 adj. | 0.246 | 0.248 | 0.244 | 0.250 | 0.244 | ||
| β | 0.005 | 0.236 | 0.025 | 0.044 | 0.001 | ||
| p-value | 0.139 | 0.004 | 0.197 | 0.000 | 0.707 | ||
| Simpson index | Model 1 | R2 | 0.098 | 0.098 | 0.098 | 0.102 | 0.097 |
| R2 adj. | 0.093 | 0.092 | 0.093 | 0.097 | 0.091 | ||
| β | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| p-value | 0.660 | 0.244 | 0.085 | 0.006 | 0.832 | ||
| Model 2 | R2 | 0.104 | 0.103 | 0.103 | 0.106 | 0.102 | |
| R2 adj. | 0.095 | 0.095 | 0.095 | 0.098 | 0.094 | ||
| β | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| p-value | 0.719 | 0.322 | 0.119 | 0.018 | 0.835 | ||
| Inverse Simpson index | Model 1 | R2 | 0.180 | 0.180 | 0.179 | 0.184 | 0.177 |
| R2 adj. | 0.175 | 0.175 | 0.174 | 0.179 | 0.172 | ||
| β | 0.017 | 0.457 | 0.107 | 0.106 | 0.002 | ||
| p-value | 0.039 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.517 | ||
| Model 2 | R2 | 0.188 | 0.187 | 0.186 | 0.191 | 0.185 | |
| R2 adj. | 0.181 | 0.179 | 0.179 | 0.184 | 0.177 | ||
| β | 0.017 | 0.364 | 0.093 | 0.101 | 0.002 | ||
| p-value | 0.030 | 0.062 | 0.040 | 0.001 | 0.561 |
CC, calf circumference; CK, creatinine kinase; TC, thigh circumference.