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. 2021 Dec 20;26(24):7697. doi: 10.3390/molecules26247697

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of microalgal lipid pathways. The enzymes are shown in squares with different colors, depending on the genetic manipulation that occurred: red for silencing or knock-out, green for overexpression, and blue for heterologous expression. Cellular organelles involved are plastid, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, mitochondria cytosol, and nucleus. The numbers (from 1 to 6) near the square brackets indicate different figure sections. AA: Arachidonic Acid; ACCase: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; ACP: Acyl Carrier Protein; ADP-glucose: Adenosine-Diphosphate Glucose; AGPase: ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase; bHLH2: Basic Helix-Loop-Helix transcription factor 2; bZIP: Basic Leucine Zipper transcription factor; CoA: Coenzyme A; DAG: Diacylglycerol; DES: Desaturase (the number near the Greek letter Δ indicates that the double bond is created at a fixed position from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid chain); DGAT: Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase; DGLA: Diacylglycerol Lipase Alpha; DHA: Docosahexaenoic Acid; DOF: DNA binding with One Finger -type transcription factors; DPA: Docosapentaenoic Acid; DTA: Docosatetraenoic Acid; ELO: Elongase; EPA: Eicosapentaenoic Acid; ETA: Eicosatetraenoic Acid; FAS: Fatty Acid Synthase; G1P: Glycerol-1-Phosphate; G3P: Glycerol-3-Phosphate; GK: Glycerol Kinase; GLA: γ-Linolenic Acid; GPAT: Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase; KAS: Beta-Ketoacyl-Acyl-carrier-protein Synthase; LA: Linoleic Acid; LPA: Lysophosphatidic Acid; LPAAT: Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase; MCAT: Malonyl CoA-Acyl carrier protein Transacylase; ME: Malic Enzyme; OA: Oleic Acid; OAA: Oxalacetic Acid; PA: Palmitic Acid; PAP: Phosphatidic Acid Phosphatase; PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate; PEPC: Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase; PDAT: Phospholipid Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase; PDH: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase; PDK: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase; PSR: Phosphorus Stress Response transcription factor; PTA: Phosphatidic acid; SA: Stearic acid; SDA: Stearidonic Acid; TAG: Triacylglycerol; TE/FAT: Thioesterase/Acyl-ACP Thioesterase; UDP-glucose: Uracil-Diphosphate Glucose; UGPase: UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase; WRI: WRINKLED1 transcription factor; ZnCys: Zinc/Cysteine transcription factor.