Table 3.
Microalgae and their derivatives used as feed in farming or aquaculture. The table includes microalgal species involved, application as feed, innovations, and nutritional values indicated as percentage increase respect to a basal diet.
| Microalgal Species | Application (as Feed or Food) | Innovation | Nutritional Value (Respect to Basal Diet) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| generic microalgae | Feed for light lamb Ovis aries farming | mixed with extruded linseed could, in part, replace fish meat | +520% ALA | [217] |
| generic microalgae | Feed for Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus aquaculture | complete replacement of yeast + fish oil | +21% total LC-PUFA; +9% total ω3 PUFA; +11% EPA | [218] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar aquaculture | complete replacement of fish oil | +100% DHA | [219] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus aquaculture | complete replacement of fish meat | +23% total PUFA; +30.2% DHA |
[220] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for tambaqui Colossoma macropomum aquaculture | complete replacement of fish meat | +300% total ω3 PUFA; +200% PA; +126% EPA; +51,200% DHA; +512% ω3:ω6 |
[221] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar aquaculture | the complete replacement of fish | +6% SFA; +3% DHA; +1% MUFA; +1% total ω6 PUFA |
[209] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aquaculture | complete replacement of fish meat | +18% total PUFA | [222] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for red seabream Pagrus major aquaculture | complete replacement of fish meat | +130% SFA; +180% PA; +100% DHA; +2070% DHA:EPA |
[223] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for broiler chicken Gallus domesticus farming | 0.2% Schiochytrium inclusion | +2.5% total USFA | [224] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus aquaculture | +2% dried Schizochytrium | +3.71% total ω3 LC-PUFA; +3.35% DHA |
[225] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei aquaculture | until 75% replacement of fish meat | +100% total ω6 PUFA; +200% DHA |
[226] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for light lamb Ovis aries farming | 3.8% Schizochytrium and 5% linseed inclusion |
+400% ALA; +6500% DHA |
[227] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for rabbit Oryctolagus sp. farming | 4 gr Schizochytrium per kg feed | +50% EPA; +180% DHA |
[228] |
| Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar aquaculture | 50% Schizochytrium inclusion | +2% PA; +22% total ω6 PUFA; +15% total PUFA; +340% DHA:EPA |
[229] |
| Schizochytrium limacinum | Feed for grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus aquaculture | in combination with soybean meal, soy protein concentrate could replace 40% of fish meat | +100% DHA; +550% DHA:EPA |
[230] |
| Schizochytrium limacinum | General aquaculture feed | 48% v/v effluent concentration from biofuel industry | +80% SA; +120% DHA |
[231] |
| Aurantiochytrium sp. | Feed for black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon aquaculture | 1–2% Aurantiochytrium inclusion | +200% total MUFA; +10% total SFA; +12% total PUFA; +20% total ω3 PUFA; +37% DHA |
[232] |
| Isochrysis sp. | Feed for European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax aquaculture |
20% of protein and 36% of lipid could be replaced using the freeze-dried Isochrysis | +4% total ω3 PUFA; +13% total SFA | [233] |
| Isochrysis galbana | Feed for silverfish Trachinotus ovatus aquaculture | 24–26% fish oil replacement | +10% DHA; +10% total LC-ω3 PUFA | [234] |
| Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Feed for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar aquaculture | 6% dried Phaeodactylum inclusion | same nutritional content | [215] |
|
Phaeodactylum tricornutum or Crypthecodinium cohnii |
Feed for gilthead seabream Sparus aurata aquaculture | 2–5% Crypthecodinium or Phaeodactylum inclusion | +16% total SFA; +20% DHA |
[235] |
| Haematococcus pluvialis | Feed for Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aquaculture | 10 gr Haematococcus per kg feed | - | [236] |
| Staurosira sp. | Feed for broiler chicken Gallus domesticus farming | 7.5% Staurosira inclusion | +25% total lipids | [237] |
| Arthrospira platensis | Feed for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus aquaculture | 30% Arthrospira inclusion | - | [238] |
| Spirulina platensis | Feed for broiler chicken Gallus domesticus farming | 10 gr Spirulina per kg feed | same nutritional content | [239] |
| Spirulina platensis or Chlorella vulgaris | Feed for African catfish Clarias gariepinus aquaculture | ultill 75% Spirulina or Chlorella inclusion | +20% total ω6 PUFA; +50% DHA | [240] |
| Chlorella sp. | Feed for crucian carp Carassius auratus aquaculture | in combination with 2 gr cellulases per kg could completely replace fish meat | - | [241] |
| Chlorella spp. | Feed for Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus aquaculture | 15% Chlorella inclusion | +75% PA; +30% OA; +100% EPA; +70% DHA; +32% total ω3 PUFA |
[242] |
| Chlorella sp. or Nannochloropsis sp. | Feed for European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax aquaculture | 15% Chlorella or Nannochloropsis inclusion | +2% total ω6 PUFA | [243] |
| Nannochloropsis gaditana | Feed for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus aquaculture | 30% Nannochloropsis inclusion | - | [244] |
| Nannochloropsis gaditana | Feed for gilthead seabream Sparus aurata aquaculture | 2% Nannochloropsis inclusion | +80% EPA; +200% EPA:DHA |
[245] |
| Nannochloropsis sp. | Feed for kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus aquaculture | 4–7–10% Nannochloropsis biomass or lipid inclusion | +13% total ω3 PUFA; +44% total ω6 PUFA; +37% EPA |
[246] |
| Nannochloropsis sp. | Feed for European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax aquaculture | 5–10–15% Nannochloropsis inclusion | same nutritional content | [247] |
| Nannochloropsis salina | Feed for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus aquaculture | complete replacement of fish meat | +47% total ω6 PUFA; +130% EPA |
[248] |
| Nannochloropsis sp. or Pavlova viridis | Feed for European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax aquaculture |
complete replacement of fish meat | +50% total PUFA; +70% total ω6 PUFA | [249] |
| Pavlova lutheri | Feed for oyster Crassostrea gigas aquaculture | complete replacement of fish meat | - | [250] |
| Tetraselmis suecica | Feed for shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei aquaculture | complete replacement of fish meat | - | [251] |
| Tetraselmis chuii | Feed for shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei aquaculture | 50% Tetraselmis inclusion | +2% total lipids | [252] |
| Tetraselmis sp. | Feed for gilthead seabream Sparus aurata aquaculture | 10% Tetraselmis inclusion | same total lipids | [253] |
| Tetraselmis suecica or Tisochrysis lutea | Feed for European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax aquaculture | combination of both microalgae for a complete replacement of fish meat | - | [254] |
| Desmodesmus sp. | Feed for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar aquaculture | 20% Desmodesmus inclusion | - | [255] |
| Aurantiochytrium sp. and Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for gilthead seabream Sparus aurata aquaculture | blend of poultry and one of two algal oils | +200% total ω6 LC-PUFA; +3% PA; +500% DHA:EPA |
[256] |
| Nannochloropsis sp, Isochrysis sp. and Schizochytrium sp. | Feed for Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aquaculture | blend of three microalgae for a complete replacement of fish meat | +80% total PUFA; +170% total ω6 PUFA |
[257] |
| Nannochloropsis sp. and Schizochytrium sp | Feed for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus aquaculture | Blend of both microalgae for a complete replacement of fish meat | +20% PA; +50% DHA; +20% total ω6 LC-PUFA |
[211] |