Table 3.
Recent examples of exosome scaffold use in nerve injury models.
| Bio-Scaffold | Exosome Source | Disease | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peptide-modified adhesive hydrogel | Human MSC-derived | Spinal cord injury | Promoted nerve regeneration and protected urinary tissue by easing oxidative stress and inflammation | [138] |
| Alginate scaffold | Human umbilical cord MSC-derived | Nerve injury-induced pain | Anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic effects | [48] |
| Chitin conduit | Human gingiva MSC-derived | Rat sciatic nerve defect | Increased the number and diameter of nerve fibers and promoted myelin formation | [137] |
| Chitosan hydrogel | Human placental MSC-derived | Hind-limb ischemia | Enhanced angiogenesis and tissue regeneration | [51] |
| Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 38 | Retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-derived | Traumatic optic neuropathy | Promoted retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration | [139] |