Table 7.
Studies with antioxidant-rich dietary patterns.
| First Author, Location (Year) |
Study Participants | Intervention | HDL Function Analyzed | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Damasceno NR, Spain (2013) [28] |
169 participants at high cardiovascular risk (74 men and 95 women) Mean age: 67 years |
1-year parallel whole-diet interventions: (1) Traditional Mediterranean diet enriched with extra virgin olive oil (1 L/week). (2) Traditional Mediterranean diet enriched with nuts (30 g/day of mixed nuts). (3) Low-fat diets. |
Serum CETP activity | A traditional Mediterranean diet enriched with olive oil and a low-fat diet decreased CETP levels compared to baseline. |
| Daniels JA, UK (2014) [111] |
74 obese participants with type 2 diabetes (52 men and 22 women) Age range: 40–70 years |
8-week parallel whole-diet interventions: (1) Low fruit and vegetable intake (80 g/day). (2) High fruit and vegetable intake (400 g/day). |
Serum LCAT activity | Increase in fruit-rich and vegetable-rich diets relative to baseline |
| PON1 arylesterase activity in Serum and in HDL2 and HDL3 | Increase in serum activity in vegetable-rich and fruit-rich diets relative to baseline. Increase in HDL3 in vegetable-rich group relative to low-vegetable group. |
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| SAA content in HDL2 and HDL3 | No effect | |||
| HDL2 and HDL3 content in carotenoids | Vegetable-rich group increased HDL3 α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and lycopene compared to low vegetable intake. HDL2 intervention increased β-cryptoxanthin compared to control, and lutein relative to baseline. |
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| Hernáez Á, Spain (2020) [21] |
358 participants at high cardiovascular risk (131 men and 227 women) Mean age: 67 years |
1-year parallel whole-diet interventions: (1) Traditional Mediterranean diet enriched with extra virgin olive oil (1 L/week). (2) Traditional Mediterranean diet enriched with nuts (30 g/day of mixed nuts). (3) Low-fat diets. |
ABDP HDL-alpha-1-antitrypsin | Decrease in Mediterranean diet with olive oil compared to baseline. |
| Nitric oxide production in HUVEC cells after ABDP. | Increase in Mediterranean diet with virgin olive oil compared to low-fat diet. | |||
| Hernáez Á, Spain (2017) [19] |
296 participants at high cardiovascular risk (151 men and 145 women) Mean age ± SD: 65.9 ± 6.43 years |
1-year parallel whole-diet interventions: (1) Traditional Mediterranean diet enriched with extra virgin olive oil (1 L/week). (2) Traditional Mediterranean diet enriched with nuts (30 g/day of mixed nuts). (3) Low-fat diet. |
3H CEC in THP-1 cells in ABDP | Both Mediterranean diets increased CEC relative to baseline levels. |
| Plasma CETP activity | Mediterranean diet with virgin olive oil decreased CETP activity relative to baseline | |||
| Direct HDL antioxidant capacity on LDL | Increased antioxidant capacity after a Mediterranean diet with olive oil relative to baseline. | |||
| HDL oxidation status by TBARS assay | Decreased oxidation status relative to baseline levels in Mediterranean diet with olive oil and in low-fat diet. | |||
| HDL oxidative/inflammatory index (HOII) | The control low-fat diet increased HOII relative to baseline levels. | |||
| Serum PON1 arylesterase activity | Mediterranean diet with virgin olive oil increased PON1 activity relative to low-fat diet | |||
| Nitric oxide production in HUVEC cells after ABDP. | Increase in Mediterranean diet with virgin olive oil compared to low-fat diet. | |||
| Rantala M, Finland (2002) [112] |
37 healthy women Mean age ± SD: 42.6 ± 10.1 years |
5-week parallel whole-diet interventions: (1) Low-vegetable diet (1 serving/day) (2) Vegetable-rich diet (430 mg of vitamin C, 18 mg of carotenoids, 17 mg of vitamin E and 600 g of folate.) |
Paraoxonase-1 activity | Vegetable-rich diet decreased PON activity compared to low-vegetable diet. |
CEC: cholesterol efflux capacity. CETP: cholesteryl ester transfer protein. LCAT: lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase. ABDP: apolipoprotein B-depleted plasma. SAA: serum amyloid A. PON1: paraoxonase-1. HOII: HDL oxidative/inflammatory index.