Table 10.
Other lifestyle interventions.
| First Author, Location (Year) |
Study Participants | Intervention | HDL Function Analyzed | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Favari E, Italy (2020) [129] |
41 overweight participants Age range: 30–65 years |
12-week parallel interventions with whole-wheat pasta enriched with phenolic acids (50.3 mg/100 g) + fiber (12.5 g/100 g): (1) Enriched with β-glucans (2.3 g/100 g) and Bacillus coagulans. (2) Non-enriched pasta. |
3H CEC in CHO cells in serum | Increase in enriched group relative to control. |
| Higashi K, Japan (2001) [132] |
14 healthy men Mean age ± SD: 31 ± 4 years |
4-week crossover interventions with supplements: (1) 20 g per day of soy protein. (2) Placebo. |
CETP mass | No effect. |
| LCAT activity | No effect. | |||
| Homma Y, Japan (2003) [30] |
105 healthy participants (38 men and 67 women) Mean age ± SD: 47 ± 13 years |
4-week parallel interventions with: (1) 2 g/day plant stanol. (2) 3 g/day plant stanol. (3) Placebo. |
Plasma CETP mass | Decrease of 6.1% after 2 g/day of stanol and 3.3% in 3 g/day relative to baseline. |
| Lichtenstein AH, USA (2002) [135] |
36 participants with high levels of LDL-C (18 men and 18 women) Age range: 55–74 years |
4.5-week crossover interventions with supplements: (1) TLC/Step 2 diet (low in saturated fats and rich in PUFA and fibre). (2) Western diet (high-fat diet). |
ABDP CETP activity | No effect. |
| Lottenberg AM, Brazil (2003) [138] |
60 moderately hypercholesterolemic participants (10 men and 50 women) Age range: 20–60 years |
4-week crossover interventions with margarine (20 g/day): (1) Enriched with plant sterol ester (2.8 g/day equal to 1.68 g/day phytosterols). (2) Non-enriched (control). |
Plasma CETP mass | Decrease relative to placebo. |
| Plasma LCAT activity | No effect. | |||
| Meng, USA (2018) [130] |
11 healthy participants (7 men and 4 women) Mean age ± SD: 65 ± 8 years |
4.5-week crossover interventions with foods containing: (1) Simple carbohydrates. (2) Refined carbohydrates. (3) Unrefined carbohydrates. |
3H CEC in PBMCs cells in isolated HDLs | No effect. |
| Richter CK, USA (2018) [135] |
20 moderate hypertension participants (9 men and 20 women) Mean age ± SD: 51.6 ± 6.6 years |
6-week crossover intervention with soya protein: (1) 50 g/day. (2) 25 g/day. (3) No-soya group (control). |
3H CEC in J774 cells in ABDP. | No effect. |
| Shidfar F, Iran (2009) [133] |
52 hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women Age range: 49–61 years |
10-week parallel interventions with: (1) Soy protein (50 g/day (164 mg isoflavones)). (2) Placebo. |
Plasma Paraoxonase-1 activity | Increase in fiber group relative to control. |
| Shresth S, USA (2007) [136] |
33 healthy participants (11 men and 22 women) Age range: 35–65 years |
1-month crossover interventions with supplements: (1) 10 g Psyllium yielding 7.68 g/day soluble fiber and 2.6 g/day plant sterols. (2) Placebo. |
Plasma CETP activity | Supplemented group presented 11% lower CETP. activity relative to placebo. |
| Vega-López S, USA (2001) [137] |
68 healthy participants (24 men and 23 premenopausal and 21 postmenopausal women) Mean age ± SD: 43.7 ± 13.2 years |
1-month crossover interventions with supplements: (1) 15 g/day of psyllium fiber. (2) Placebo. |
Plasma CETP activity | Decrease relative to placebo intervention. |
| Wood RJ, USA (2006) [134] |
30 overweight men Age range: 20–69 years |
12-week parallel interventions with carbohydrate-restriction diets: (1) Supplemented with fiber (3 g/day of konjac-mannan fiber). (2) Non-supplemented control. |
Plasma CETP activity | No effect. |
| Plasma LCAT activity | Increase in fiber group relative to baseline. |
CEC: cholesterol efflux capacity. CETP: cholesteryl ester transfer protein. LCAT: lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase. ABDP: apolipoprotein B-depleted plasma.