Table 4.
Group 2 studies with surgical interventions.
| Article | Study Design/Level of Evidence | Number of Patients | Stage Of Disease | Surgical Technique | F/U Period | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Caravaggi et al. [28] (2012) | Cohort/level III | 45 | Unspecified | Tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis using retrograde intramedullary nail fixation | 5 ± 2.85 y | 4 patients (8.88%): below-knee amputation; 2 patients (4.44%): fibrous union and required pneumatic casts for ambulation 39 patients (86.67%): solid union and returned to independent ambulation wearing custom-made shoes with molded insoles |
| (2) Pawar [19] (2013) | Prospective study/level IV | 5 | Stage I/III | Retrograde antibiotic-coated locked intramedullary nail | 12–24 m | All achieved infection control and bony union |
| (3) Fabrin [21] ( 2007) | Prospective study/level IV | 11 | Unspecified | Arthrodesis with external fixation | 48 m | 7 cases of tibiotalar arthrodesis were performed: 5 resulted in bony union, 2 resulted in fibrous union; 5 cases of tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis were performed: 1 resulted in bony union, 2 resulted in stable fibrous union, 1 resulted in unstable fibrous union, 1 resulted in amputation |
| (4) Ayoub [17] (2008) | Prospective study/level IV | 17 | Stage II/III | Tibiotalar arthrodesis (crossed screw technique) | 26 m | Success rate: 82.4% 9 patients: bony union 5 patients: stiff fibrous union 3 patients: below-knee amputation |
| (5) El-Gafary et al. [20] (2009) | Prospective study/level IV | 20 | Stage II | Surgical arthrodesis by illizarove frame | 20 m | 100% success; all patients show solid union and correction of deformities |
| (6) Pinzur et al. [25] (2005) | Prospective study/level IV | 9 | Unspecified | Arthrodesis with retrograde intramedullary nailing | 32 m | 100% success; 9 patients show union fusion |
| (7) Pinzur et al. [24] (1997) | Prosepective study/level IV | 20 | Unspecified | Retrograde locked intramedullary nail | 12–31 m | 19 patients achieved bony fusion 1 patient:amputation 1 patient: died |
| (8) Caravaggi et al. [18] (2006) | Prospective study/level IV | 14 | Stage II | Intramedullary compressive nail fixation | 18 ± 4 m | Success rate 92.2% 10 patients achieved solid arthrodesis, returning to walking with protective shoes 3 patients developed fibrous union that allowed walking with a brace 1 patient: below-knee amputation |
| (9) Dalla Paola et al. [26] (2007) | Prospective study/level IV | 18 | Stage IV | Panarthrodesis of ankle using intramedullary retrograde trans-calcaneal nailing | 14 ± 10.1 m | 100% limb salvage because of controled patient selection 14 patients: complete bony union of ankle arthrodesis 4 patients: fibrous union |
| (10) Yousry et al. [22] (2010) | Prospective study/level IV | 12 | Stage II/III | Tibiocalcaneal and tibitalar fusion using an illiazrove frame | 19.3 m | Success rate 75% Fusion was confirmed in 9 patients (75%) 2 patients had pseudoarthrosis 1 patient had unstable pseudoarthrosis |
| (11) Siebachmeyer et al. [29] (2015) | prospective study/level IV | 20 | Unspecified | Retrograde intramedullary nail | 26 m | 100% salvage 19 feet showed bony fusion 1 foot showed stable fibrous union 1 foot showed nonunion |
| (12) Zarutsky et al. [23] (2005) | Retrospective analysis/level III | 11 | Unspecified | Circular wire External fixator | 27 m | Bony union: 7 Fibrous union: 3 Amputation: 1 |
| (13) Shah et al. [32] (2011) | Retrospective analysis/level III | 11 | Stage II/III | 6 patients with external fixator 5 patients with retrograde intramedullary nail |
4 m | Regarding IMN, all 5 patients achieved bony union (100%) Regarding external fixator, 6 patients: 1 patient: bony union 4 patients: nonunion 1 patient: amputation |
| (14) Myerson et al. [33] (2000) | Retrospective case series/level IV | 26 | Unspecified | Tibicalcaneal arthrodesis using a condylar blade plate | 48 m | All achieved limb salvage 24 patients: bony union 2 patients: fibrous union |
| (15) Cinar et al. [30] (2010) | Retrospective case series/level IV | 4 | Unspecified | Tibicalcanel arthrodesis using posterior blade plate | 24 m | All achieved limb salvage 3 patients: bony union 1 patient: fibrous union |
| (16) DeVries et al. [31] (2012) | Retrospective case series/level IV | 52 | Various stages | 45 patients using retrograde intramedullary nail 7 patients using external fixator |
24 m | Regarding intramedullary nail: 32 patients: stable bony union 3 patients: fibrous union 10 patients: amputation Regarding external fixator: 5 patients: bony union 2 patients: amputation |
Y = year, IMN = intramedullary nail, m = month.