Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the four patients’ groups, composed by subjects with different illness duration (SCZ-A, ID ≤ 5; SCZ-B, ID 6 to 13 years; SCZ-C, ID 14 to 18 years; SCZ-D, ID 19 to 32 years).
| Demographic and Clinical Information | SCZ-A (23) |
SCZ-B (38) |
SCZ-C (27) |
SCZ-D (29) |
F/χ₂ | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 26.87 ± 6.75 | 33.1 ± 6.031 | 37.41 ± 4.925 | 46.62 ± 6.34 | 50.82 | <0.001 * |
| Gender (M/F) | 19/4 | 22/16 | 19/8 | 22/7 | 4.877 | 0.181 |
| Education (years, mean ± SD) | 11.87 ± 2.68 | 12.76 ± 3.16 | 12.70 ± 3.074 | 12.52 ± 3.03 | 0.471 | 0.703 |
| Paternal Education (years, mean ± SD) | 9.65 ± 4.380 | 10.89 ± 4.9 | 10.42 ± 4.851 | 8.29 ± 5.238 | 1.51 | 0.217 |
| Maternal Education (years, mean ± SD) | 10.20 ± 3.75 | 9.368 ± 3.91 | 9.923 ± 4.3811 | 7.32 ± 3.761 | 2.604 | 0.056 |
| BNSS Tot (mean ± SD) | 30.13 ± 18.5 | 34.26 ± 15.3 | 36.58 ± 14.409 | 37.29 ± 17.7 | 0.951 | 0.419 |
| Expressive deficit (mean ± SD) | 10.57 ± 7.80 | 10.21 ± 6.99 | 11.92 ± 6.603 | 12.79 ± 7.99 | 0.803 | 0.495 |
| Experiential domain (mean ± SD) | 18.22 ± 10.8 | 21.74 ± 8.51 | 21.73 ± 7.754 | 22.04 ± 9.83 | 0.953 | 0.418 |
| PANSS Positive (mean ± SD) | 5.83 ± 2.552 | 8.24 ± 4.037 | 8.77 ± 4.616 | 10.07 ± 6.19 | 3.751 | 0.013 ** |
| PANSS Negative (mean ± SD) | 14.74 ± 6.69 | 16.47 ± 5.72 | 14.54 ± 4.35 | 16.32 ± 6.49 | 0.872 | 0.458 |
| PANSS Disorganization (mean ± SD) | 7.35 ± 2.145 | 8.50 ± 3.790 | 9.04 ± 3.504 | 9.54 ± 4.194 | 1.72 | 0.167 |
| CDSS Tot (mean ± SD) | 2.78 ± 4.552 | 3.61 ± 3.803 | 2.96 ± 3.538 | 3.36 ± 3.654 | 0.273 | 0.845 |
| SHRS global parkinsonism (mean ± SD) | 0.52 ± 0.846 | 0.55 ± 0.86 | 0.89 ± 1.05 | 1.54 ± 1.503 | 5.35 | 0.002 *** |
| SLOF Interpersonal relationships (mean ± SD) | 23.43 ± 5.73 | 22.97 ± 6.21 | 3.30 ± 4.681 | 22.75 ± 6.22 | 0.076 | 0.973 |
| SLOF Everyday life Skills (mean ± SD) | 48.17 ± 6.7 | 47.34 ± 5.72 | 46.30 ± 6.638 | 45.64 ± 8.451 | 0.698 | 0.555 |
| SLOF Work Skills (mean ± SD) | 23.04 ± 5.62 | 21.32 ± 5.82 | 19.52 ± 5.905 | 19.14 ± 6.609 | 2.28 | 0.083 |
| Neurocognitive Composite Score (mean ± SD) | 38.57 ± 9.28 | 36.97 ± 11.5 | 35.93 ± 10.321 | 29.43 ± 10.29 | 3.99 | 0.010 **** |
BNSS, Brief Negative Symptom Scale; CDSS, The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; HCs, Healthy controls; MCCB, MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SCZ, subjects with schizophrenia; SD, standard deviation; SHRS, The St. Hans Rating Scale for extrapyramidal syndrome; SLOF, The Specific Level of Functioning scale. p values in bold indicate statistical significance. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons: * For age, each group differs from the others (all p < 0.001); ** SCZ-D had higher PANSS positive score compared to SCZ-A (p = 0.008); *** SCZ-D had higher SHRS global parkinsonism score compared to SCZ-A (p = 0.008) and SCZ-B (p = 0.003); **** SCZ-D had lower cognitive performance compared to SCZ-A (p = 0.015) and SCZ-B (p = 0.033).