Table 1.
A synthesis of the various recent natural polymeric bio-sorbents and their composites studied for the adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes from industrial wastewater.
| Adsorbent | Adsorbate | qt (mg·g−1) | Adsorption Efficiency (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luffa Cylindrica fibers | Malachite green/MB | 63/52 | 96.72/94.40 | [322] |
| Bean peel | Cibaron Blue | 5.72 | 95.31 | [323] |
| Eichhornia crassipes roots | 4B red reactive | 43.28 | 95 | [324] |
| Dead Typha angustifolia (L.) leaves | MB | 106.75 | 89.83 | [325] |
| Almond shell | MB | 84.9 | [326] | |
| Salix babylonica leaves | MB | 60.97 | [327] | |
| Prickly (peel) bark of cactus fruit | MB | 222 | [328] | |
| k-carrageenan/alginate/cellulose PEM | MB | 522.4 | 98.6 | [329] |
| Coconut mesocarp | Remazol golden yellow | 6.8 | 94.9 | [330] |
| Reactive gray BF-2R | 4.8 | 100 | ||
| Reactive turquoise Q-G125 | 4.1 | 96.6 | ||
| Banana peels | Remazol golden yellow | 2.5 | 70.2 | [330] |
| Reactive gray BF-2R | 1.2 | 75.4 | ||
| Reactive turquoise Q-G125 | 1.6 | 100 | ||
| Typha australis Leaves | Malachite green | 85.21 | - | [331] |
| white pine (Pinus durangensis) sawdust | MB | 87 | 86 | [332] |
| pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaf | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | 9.66 | 96.20 | [333] |
| Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | 9.58 | 95.89 | [333] |
| Coconut bunch | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | 9.48 | 94.76 | [333] |
| Coconut fiber | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | 9.55 | 95.48 | [333] |
| Chili seeds | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | 9.40 | 93.97 | [333] |
| Guava leaves | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | 9.41 | 94.09 | [333] |
| Coconut residue | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | 9.38 | 93.85 | [333] |
| Jackfruit peels | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | 9.23 | 92.26 | [333] |
| Orange peel | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | - | 11.4 | [334,335] |
| Spent tea leaves | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | 9.7 | - | [334] |
| Salvinia natans | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | 61.9 | - | [336] |
| Durian peel | Remazol Brilliant Blue R | - | 14.9 | [336] |
| watermelon rind | MB | 200 | 99 | [337] |
| Brilliant green | 188.6 | 98 | [338] | |
| Remazol Brilliant Blue R | 333.33 | 92–97 | [339,340] | |
| Congo red CR | 17 | 100 | [341] | |
| Orange G | 27 | 85 | [342] | |
| Cyanthilium cinereum L. H. Rob weeds | MB | 76.336 | 95 | [343] |
| Paspalum maritimum (PMT) | MB | 56.179 | 97 | [343] |
| Carica papaya wood | MB | 32.25 | [344] | |
| pupunha palm | MB | 78.989 | [345] | |
| Potato shell | MB | 48.7 | [346] | |
| Scenedesmus | MB | 61.69 | [346] | |
| Maize silk powder | MB | 132.1 | [347] | |
| Lignin sulfonate polymer | Malachite green | 27.4 | 60 | [348] |
| Lignin sulfonate-g-poly(acrylic acid-r-acrylamide) | Malachite green | 97 | 97 | [349] |
| Microalgae Scenedesmus | MB | 87.69 | - | [350] |
| activated carbon prepared from Date Press Cake | MB | 613.8 | 83.3 | [351] |
| Karanj fruit hulls | MB | 239.4 | 94.4 | [352] |
| Rattan (Lacosperma secundiflorum) | MB | 359 | 96 | [353] |
| Fox nutshell | MB | 968.7 | 99.96 | [354] |
| chitosan-epichlorohydrin/zeolite composite | MB | 44.2 | 90 | [355] |
| Reactive red 120 | 45.25 | 88 | ||
| chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose capsules | MB | 64.6 | 4.4 | [356] |
| Methyl orange | 334.8 | 37.5 | ||
| Acid blue-113 | 526.8 | 59 | ||
| Polyacrylamide-chitosan magnetic nanoparticles | MB | 1044.06 | 76.1 | [357] |
| chitosan-epichlorohydrin/TiO2 nanocomposite | Reactive red 120 | 46.3 | 99.3 | [358] |
| polypyrrole-chitosan composites | Acid red 18 | 285.71 | 98.93 | [359] |
| Chitosan-Activated Charcoal Composite | Thionine cationic dye | 60.9 | 92.9 | [360] |
| chitosan-glyoxal/TiO2 nanocomposite | Methyl orange | 374.8 | 75.9 | [361] |
| chitosan/polyamide nanofibers | Ponceau 4R | 482.2 | - | [362] |
| Reactive Black 5 | 352.5 | - | ||
| Chitosan/alginate composite sponge | Acid red B14 | 1486.9 | - | [363] |
| fibrous chitosan/alginate composite foam | MB | 1488.1 | - | [364] |
| Acid Black-172 | 817 | - | ||
| Sodium alginate nanofiber membranes | MB | 2230 | - | [365] |
| Sodium alginate/gelatin/graphene oxide composite aerogel | MB | 322.6 | - | [366] |
| Congo red | 196.8 | - | ||
| Lignin/cellulose nanocrystals/alginate beads | MB | 1181 | - | [367] |
| Cladodes of Tacinga palmadora | Crystal violet | 228.74 | - | [368] |
| Palm cactus | Crystal violet | 220 | - | [369] |
| O. ficus indica cladodes | Acid orange | 198.9 | - | [370] |
| Cactus pear seed cake | MB | 260 | 56.48 | [371] |
| Methyl orange | 336.12 | 100 | ||
| Fruit peels (O. ficus indica) | Indigo carmine | 294 | 76–99 | [372] |
| Solophenyl blue | 909 | 76–99 | ||
| MB | 416 | 76–99 | ||
| Crystal violet | 312 | 76–99 | ||
| Carboxymethyl chitosan-modified magnetic-cored dendrimers | MB | 20.85 | - | [373] |
| Methyl orange | 96.31 | - | ||
| Gelatin-based magnetic beads | MB | 465 | - | [374] |
| Direct Red | 380 | - | ||
| Glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles | Methyl orange | 758 | - | [375] |
| Magnetic hydrogel beads with gum tragacanth | Congo Red | 94 | - | [376] |
| Fe3O4–κ-carrageenan cross-linked with chitosan | MB | 123 | [377] | |
| Fe3O4@SiO2–κ-carrageenan | MB | 530 | - | [378] |
| Potamogeton crispus | RR198 | 44.2 | - | [379] |
| O-carboxymethylchitosan-N-lauryl/γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles | RR198 | 216 | - | [380] |
| Pistachio hull wastes | RR198 | 253.67 | 95.13 | [381] |
| Al2O3/MWCNTs Carbon nanotube | RR198 | 424 | 91.54 | [382] |
| Polyaniline/Fe3O4 | RR198 | 45.45 | 92.1 | [383] |
| Eggshell biocomposite beads | RR198 | 46.9 | 92 | [384] |
| Activated Carbon (Walnut Shells) | RR198 | 79.15 | 87.17 | [385] |
| Pistachio nut shell | RR198 | 108.15 | 88 | [386] |
| Chitosan | RR198 | 310.4 | 95.11 | [387] |
| Chitosan/cellulose PEM | RR198 | 819 | 99.77 | [388] |
| Cellulose/chitosan aerogels | Congo Red | 381.7 | 95 | [389] |
| Chitosan/Zeolite composite | MB | 19.23 | 84.85 | [390] |
| Chitosan/PVA composite | Methyl orange Eosin Yellow Dye |
9.34 52.91 |
92.42 86.70 |
[391] [392] |
| Chitosan/ZnO | Malachite Green Dye | - | 98.50 | [393] |