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Concentration of secreted proinflammatory cytokines in the basal media of bronchial mucosa model developed at air–liquid interface (bro-ALI). bro-ALI was exposed to 10 nM recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S1 (S1 protein) for 24 h and compared to the corresponding sham (a–j). IFNγ: interferon gamma; IL: interleukin; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha. n = 6 per exposure condition; * Significance: p < 0.05 (Mann–Whitney U test).
