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. 2021 Dec 17;13(12):2537. doi: 10.3390/v13122537

Table 1.

List of selected enriched pathways in the bronchial and alveolar mucosa models developed at air–liquid interface (bro-ALI and alv-ALI) following exposure to 10 nM recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S1 (S1 protein) for 24 h and compared to the corresponding sham. The list of significantly differentially regulated genes used identified in the transcriptomic analysis was used as input (bro-ALI: 117 genes; alv-ALI: 97 genes; Supplementary Tables ST3 and ST4). The canonical pathways listed here were identified using QIAGEN’s Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (IPA®). Significant terms were selected using Fisher’s exact test p-values.

Bronchial Mucosa Model (bro-ALI)
Canonical Pathway p Value Molecules
Role of hypercytokinemia/hyperchemokinemia in the pathogenesis of influenza 2.51 × 10−12 CXCL10, DDX58, EIF2AK2, IFIT2, IFIT3, IRF7, ISG15, MX1, OAS2, RSAD2
Interferon signaling 1.29 × 10−10 IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, IFITM1, IFITM2, ISG15, MX1
Role of pattern recognition receptors in recognition of bacteria and viruses 4.90 × 10−4 DDX58, EIF2AK2, IFIH1, IRF7, OAS2
Role of RIG1-like receptors in antiviral innate immunity 9.33 × 10−4 DDX58, IFIH1, IRF7
WNT/β-catenin signaling 5.89 × 10−3 CSNK2A1, MMP7, PPP2CB, TLE4
Sirtuin signaling pathway 7.41 × 10−3 H1-3, MAPK7, SCNN1A, TIMM8A, WRN
Coronavirus replication pathway 1.51 × 10−2 IFITM1, IFITM2
Role of PKR in interferon induction and antiviral response 1.91 × 10−2 DDX58, EIF2AK2, IFIH1
Alveolar Mucosa Model (alv-ALI)
Canonical pathway p Value Molecules
p53 signaling 4.07 × 10−3 BBC3, GNL3, TIGAR
APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand)-mediated signaling 8.32 × 10−3 FOS, TNFSF13
Tight junction signaling 2.04 × 10−2 CLDN11, FOS, MYH9
Integrin linked kinase signaling 2.69 × 10−2 FOS, MYH9, RSU1
Agranulocyte adhesion, and diapedesis 3.31 × 10−2 CLDN11, CXCL14, MYH9
Interleukin-1 signaling 3.80 × 10−2 FOS, GNB4