Table 1.
Plasma metabolites and ALT, AST in C57BL/6J Apoe−/− mice after being fed GPC supplemented chow diet vs. control diet for 16 weeks.
| Parameter | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 21) |
GPC (n = 11) |
Control (n = 13) |
GPC (n = 12) |
|
| TMAO (μM) | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 35.4 ± 14.3 *** | 13.1 ± 6.1 | 186.4 ± 85.7 *** |
| GPC (μM) | 6.8 ± 3.3 | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 7.5 ± 2.1 | 7.9 ± 4.2 |
| choline (μM) | 26.4 ± 9.1 | 32.7 ± 10.7 | 14.5 ± 2.1 | 17.8 ± 3.9 |
| cholesterol (mg/dL) | 340 ± 93 | 368 ± 75 | 334 ± 46 | 324 ± 59 |
| triglyceride (mg/dL) | 105 ± 50 | 98 ± 35 | 100 ± 27 | 106 ± 31 |
| creatinine (μM) | 7.8 ± 1.1 | 8.1 ± 2.4 | 8.8 ± 1.4 | 8.8 ± 1.8 |
| glucose (mg/dL) | 277 ± 64 | 249 ± 73 | 263 ± 67 | 231 ± 59 |
| ALT (u/L) | 56.6 ± 26.9 | 33.1 ± 9.3 | 38.2 ± 21.0 | 35.7 ± 35.6 |
| AST (u/L) | 137 ± 56 | 113 ± 40 | 138 ± 150 | 173 ± 268 |
Diet was started after a weaning age of four weeks. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase. *** p < 0.001 by comparison with control chow diet using Student’s t test.