Figure 4.

Graphical summary. (1) Mucus-associated Neisseria and Porphyromonas were less abundant in FD vs. controls and correlated with symptoms and duodenal eosinophils. (2) Microbial changes, including increased Streptococcus, were not associated with beneficial symptom- and eosinophil-reducing effects of short-term PPI therapy in FD. (3) In contrast, increased Streptococcus was associated with duodenal eosinophil infiltration after PPI in controls. (4) Persistently higher Streptococcus abundance suggested a role for similar duodenal PPI effects in FD patients after long-term PPI.