Table 3.
Unadjusted insulin resistance/glucose metabolism biomarkers by covariates categories for US adults, NHANES 2011–2012 1.
| FPG | Insulin | Hb1Ac | HOMA- IR |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | mmol/L | μU/mL | % | ||
| Sex | Male | 5.7 ± 0.07 | 13.5 ± 0.70 | 5.5 ± 0.03 | 3.5 ± 0.20 |
| Female | 5.4 ± 0.07 | 12.0 ± 0.70 | 5.4 ± 0.03 | 2.9 ± 0.13 | |
| r2, % | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | |
| Age | 20–39 years | 5.4 ± 0.05 * | 12.7 ± 0.60 | 5.3 ± 0.03 ** | 3.1 ± 0.16 |
| 40–59 years | 5.6 ± 0.10 | 13.3 ± 1.02 | 5.5 ± 0.03 | 3.5 ± 0.31 | |
| ≥60 years | 5.7 ± 0.15 | 11.6 ± 1.15 | 5.7 ± 0.06 | 3.1 ± 0.30 | |
| r2, % | 2.8 | <1 | 7 | <1 | |
| Race | NHW | 5.5 ± 0.04 | 12.4 ± 0.68 | 5.4 ± 0.03 | 3.1 ± 0.17 |
| NHB | 5.5 ± 0.08 | 15.4 ± 0.52 ** | 5.6 ± 0.02 ** | 3.9 ± 0.13 ** | |
| NHA | 5.4 ± 0.09 | 12.2 ± 1.21 | 5.5 ± 0.06 | 3.0 ± 0.35 | |
| Hispanics | 5.6 ± 0.09 | 12.9 ± 1.39 | 5.5 ± 0.03 | 3.4 ± 0.39 | |
| r2, % | <1 | <1 | 1.3 | <1 | |
| Education | <High School | 5.8 ± 0.11 ** | 13.9 ± 1.20 | 5.6 ± 0.03 ** | 3.7 ± 0.30 |
| High School | 5.5 ± 0.06 | 13.6 ± 0.90 | 5.4 ± 0.03 | 3.4 ± 0.25 | |
| >High School | 5.4 ± 0.04 | 12.2 ± 0.60 | 5.4 ± 0.03 | 3.0 ± 0.15 | |
| r2, % | 1.5 | <1 | 2.5 | 1 | |
| PIR 2 | Low | 5.5 ± 0.07 | 14.4 ± 0.79 * | 5.5 ± 0.03 * | 3.6 ± 0.24 * |
| Medium | 5.6 ± 0.06 | 12.3 ± 0.88 | 5.4 ± 0.04 | 3.2 ± 0.27 | |
| High | 5.5 ± 0.08 | 10.9 ± 0.87 | 5.4 ± 0.04 | 2.7 ± 0.21 | |
| r2, % | <1 | 2.5 | <1 | 2 | |
| Smoking 3 | Low | 5.5 ± 0.07 | 11.5 ± 0.73 | 5.4 ± 0.03 | 2.9 ± 0.17 |
| Medium | 5.6 ± 0.09 | 12.9 ± 0.91 | 5.5 ± 0.03 | 3.3 ± 0.25 | |
| High | 5.6 ± 0.05 | 13.9 ± 0.77 * | 5.5 ± 0.02 * | 3.5 ± 0.18 * | |
| r2, % | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | |
| BMI 4 | Underweight | 5.3 ± 0.11 | 16.7 ± 5.16 | 5.3 ± 0.05 | 4.1 ± 1.32 |
| Normal | 5.3 ± 0.08 | 8.3 ± 0.68 | 5.3 ± 0.04 | 2.0 ± 0.16 | |
| Overweight | 5.5 ± 0.06 | 11.3 ± 0.80 | 5.4 ± 0.03 | 2.8 ± 0.19 | |
| Obese | 5.7 ± 0.07 ** | 18.3 ± 1.00 ** | 5.6 ± 0.04 ** | 4.8 ± 0.27 ** | |
| r2, % | 3.1 | 18 | 3.8 | 18.2 | |
| Supplement 5 | Yes | 5.5 ± 0.07 | 12.7 ± 1.53 | 5.4 ± 0.03 | 3.2 ± 0.43 |
| No | 5.6 ± 0.04 | 12.8 ± 0.53 | 5.4 ± 0.03 | 3.2 ± 0.13 | |
| r2, % | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | |
| Alcohol | None | 5.4 ± 0.06 * | 13.1 ± 1.01 | 5.5 ± 0.03 | 3.3 ± 0.26 |
| >0 to 1 drinks/d | 5.5 ± 0.15 | 10.5 ± 0.82 ** | 5.5 ± 0.06 | 2.6 ± 0.22 ** | |
| >1 to 2 drinks/d | 5.7 ± 0.11 | 13.2 ± 1.44 | 5.3 ± 0.04 | 3.5 ± 0.42 | |
| ≥2 drinks/d | 5.6 ± 0.06 | 13.7 ± 0.59 | 5.4 ± 0.03 | 3.5 ± 0.14 | |
| r2, % | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.5 | |
| Physical Activity 6 | No activity | 5.5 ± 0.03 | 14.3 ± 0.58 | 5.5 ± 0.03 | 3.6 ± 0.10 |
| 0 to <500 | 5.6 ± 0.13 | 12.5 ± 1.02 | 5.4 ± 0.05 | 3.2 ± 0.30 | |
| 500 to <1000 | 5.5 ± 0.08 | 11.0 ± 0.83 | 5.4 ± 0.05 | 2.8 ± 0.20 | |
| ≥1000 | 5.4 ± 0.09 | 9.6 ± 1.22 ** | 5.3 ± 0.04 ** | 2.4 ± 0.30 ** | |
| r2, % | <1 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 2.9 | |
| Waist Circumference | Male | ||||
| ≤102 cm | 5.6 ± 0.07 | 10.3 ± 0.70 | 5.4 ± 0.02 | 2.6 ± 0.18 | |
| >102 cm | 5.8 ± 0.08 ** | 18.3 ± 1.30 ** | 5.6 ± 0.04 ** | 4.9 ± 0.39 ** | |
| r2, % | 1.1 | 14.8 | 4.4 | 14.2 | |
| Female | |||||
| ≤88 cm | 5.1 ± 0.05 | 9.1 ± 1.21 | 5.3 ± 0.03 | 2.1 ± 0.28 | |
| >88 cm | 5.6 ± 0.12 ** | 14.0 ± 0.61 ** | 5.5 ± 0.04 ** | 3.5 ± 0.12 ** | |
| r2, % | 6 | 6.9 | 5 | 8.7 |
1 Data are from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, * represent Least significant differences (LSD) obtained from bivariate analysis in a linear regression test (* p <0.05, ** p< 0.01). 2 PIR, family poverty-income ratio (low: 0–1.85; medium: 1.85< to 3.5; high: >3.5). 3 Smoking status defined by a serum cotinine concentration (low: <0.015 mg/L; medium: 0.015 to <10 mg/L; high: ≥10 mg/L). 4 BMI: Underweight: <18.5 kg/m2; normal weight: 18.5 to >25 kg/m2; overweight: 25 to <30 kg/m2; and obese: ≥30 kg/m2. 5 Reported taking supplement containing iodine within the past 30 days.6 Calculated as total MET (metabolic equivalent task minutes)-min/week from self-reported leisure-time physical activities. UIC, urinary iodine concentration; NHW, non-Hispanic white; NHB, non-Hispanic black.