Table 2.

Failure rate of each elements in DRAM devices per billion hours (FIT) [27].

Failure Mode	Failure Rate (FIT)
	Transient	Permanent
Single-bit	14.2	18.6
Single-word	1.4	0.3
Single-column	1.4	5.6
Single-row	0.2	8.2
Single-bank	0.8	10.0
Multiple-bank	0.3	1.4
Multiple-rank	0.9	2.8