Table 1.
Maternal and infant characteristics according to maternal 25(OH)D and gestational weight gain categories.
| Maternal 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | Gestational Weight Gain | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <50 (n = 45) |
≥50 (n = 97) |
p-value | Inadequate (n = 36) |
Adequate (n = 46) |
Excessive (n = 60) |
p-Value | |
| Infant | |||||||
| Sex, n (%) | 0.80 | 0.71 | |||||
| Male | 27 (19.0) | 56 (39.4) | 21 (14.8) | 29 (20.4) | 33 (23.2) | ||
| Female | 18 (12.7) | 41 (28.9) | 15 (10.6) | 17 (12.0) | 27 (19.0) | ||
| WAZ at birth | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.7 | 0.12 | −0.3 ± 0.7 a | 0.2 ± 0.8 b | 0.4 ± 0.7 b | 0.0002 |
| Age (month) at follow-up | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.31 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.83 |
| WAZ at follow-up | 0.1 ± 0.8 | −0.2 ± 0.8 | 0.13 | −0.4 ± 0.8 a | −0.0 ± 0.8 ab | 0.1 ± 0.7 b | 0.02 |
| LAZ at follow-up | 0.2 ± 1.0 | −0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.05 | −0.4 ± 0.9 a | −0.0 ± 0.9 ab | 0.2 ± 0.9 b | 0.02 |
| Mother | |||||||
| Age at delivery (year) | 31.8 ± 5.3 | 32.4 ± 4.0 | 0.45 | 31.9 ± 5.0 | 33.0 ± 3.8 | 31.7 ± 4.5 | 0.32 |
| Gravida, n (%) | 0.11 | 0.34 | |||||
| 1 | 18 (12.7) | 26 (18.3) | 14 (9.9) | 11 (7.8) | 19 (13.4) | ||
| >1 | 27 (19.0) | 71 (50.0) | 22 (15.5) | 35 (24.6) | 41 (28.8) | ||
| Self-reported population group, n (%) | 0.0003 | 0.12 | |||||
| White | 15 (10.6) | 64 (45.1) | 15 (10.6) | 26 (18.3) | 38 (26.8) | ||
| All other† | 30 (21.1) | 33 (23.2) | 21 (14.8) | 20 (14.1) | 22 (15.4) | ||
| Education, n (%) | 0.0266 | 0.97 | |||||
| University | 31 (21.8) | 68 (47.9) | 24 (16.9) | 33 (23.2) | 42 (29.6) | ||
| College/Vocational | 6 (4.2) | 24 (16.9) | 9 (6.3) | 9 (6.3) | 12 (8.5) | ||
| Elementary/High school | 8 (5.6) | 5 (3.6) | 3 (2.1) | 4 (2.8) | 6 (4.3) | ||
| Family income, n (%) | 0.15 | 0.37 | |||||
| ≥ CAD 70,000 | 20 (14.1) | 60 (42.3) | 20 (14.1) | 26 (18.3) | 34 (23.9) | ||
| < CAD 70,000 | 17 (12.0) | 24 (16.9) | 9 (6.3) | 11 (7.8) | 21 (14.8) | ||
| Not reported | 8 (5.6) | 13 (9.1) | 7 (4.9) | 9 (6.3) | 5 (3.6) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 0.05 | 0.03 | |||||
| < 25 kg/m2 | 25 (17.6) | 70 (49.3) | 29 (20.4) | 33 (23.2) | 33 (23.2) | ||
| ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 20 (14.1) | 27 (19.0) | 7 (5.0) | 13 (9.2) | 27 (19.0) | ||
Data are reported as mean ± SD or n (%) and were analyzed using a mixed linear model for continuous variables accounting for the fixed effect studied and using Chi square or Fisher’s test for categorical variables. Distinct letter superscripts (a,b) indicate statistically significant differences between gestational weight gain categories (p < 0.05, post hoc adjustment); values that share a common superscript are not different from one another. † All other self-reported population groups include South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean, Japanese, and other. Abbreviations: 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, WAZ: weight-for-age z-scores, LAZ: length-for-age z-scores, CAD: Canadian dollars.