Table 3.

Metabolic changes and related studies on patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Date	Sample	Instruments	Upregulated	Downregulated	Ref.
2011	Serum	1H NMR	N-acetyl glycoprotein, VLDL, LDL	Valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, isoleucine, histidine, glutamine, alanine, citrate, creatinine, creatine, pyruvate, HDL, cholesterol, glycerol, formate	[39]
2016	Serum	GC-MS	Methionine, glutamate, cystine, 1-monopalmitin, 1-monolinolein, 1-monoolein, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate	Tryptophan, alanine, proline, glycine, serine, threonine, aspartate, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, histidine, tyrosine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, fumarate, threonate, 2-hydroxyisovalerate, carbohydrates, 2-keto-3-methylvalerate, 2-ketoisocaproate, fatty acids, aminomalonate, alpha-tocopherol	[68]
2016	Urine	GC-MS	Valine, leucine, fumarate, malate, cystine, pyroglutamate, cysteine, tryptophan, threonate, uracil, urate, pseudouridine, xanthine, glyceric acid, myo-inositol, p-cresol, glutarate, hydroxyisobutyrate, dihydroxybutyrate, 3,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid		[69]
2016	Serum	GC-MS	Urea, cystine, threonine, naproxen, glucose	Lysine, fumaric acid, malic acid, methionine, tyrosine, alanine, cysteine, tryptophan asparagine, threonic acid, histidine, citric acid, lactic acid, caffeine, theobromine	[70]
2016	Serum	1H NMR	Acetate, NAG, glucose	Leucine, valine, alanine, glutamate, citrate, choline, proline, glycine, lactate, LDL, VLDL	[71]
2017	Plasma	GC-MS	Myristic acids, palmitoleic acids, oleic acids, eicosenoic acids	Caproic acid, caprylic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosanoic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, hexacosanoic acid	[72]
2019	Feces	LC-MS	Proline, L-tyrosine, L-methionine, L-asparagine, Dl-pipecolinic acid, glycyl-L proline, L-carnosine, xanthurenic acid, kynurenic acid, 1,2-dioleoyl-rac-glycerol, lysoPE 16:0, lysoPC 22:5, PG 27:2, MG 22:6, MG 16:5	D-Ala-D-ala, lauryl diethanolamide, SQDG 26:5, adenosine, mucic acid, adenosine 5′-diphosphate, trigonelline thiamine pyrophosphate	[73]
2019	Serum	LC-MS	Ceramide, trimethylamine n-oxide, xanthine	Acylcarnitine, caffeine, hydrocortisone, itaconic acid, serotonin	[74]
2020	Feces	GC-MS	Triethylene glycol, erucamide, leucic acid, 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol, pyrimidine, 4-aminobutanoic acid, vaccenic acid, L-valine, L-ornithine, L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, lactic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, putrescine, benzoic acid, erucic acid, n-(4-aminobutyl) acetamide	2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, phosphoric acid, Glyceric acid, (Z)-13-octadecenoic acid, γ-tocopherol	[75]
2021	Serum	LC-MS	MG 20:2, L-pyroglutamic acid	Arachidonic acid, adenosine, SM 24:1, MG 17:0, lysoPE 18:0, lysoPE 16:0, lysoPC 20:0, lysoPC 18:0	[76]