Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients according to their status, namely, bloodstream infection or not
| Number with missing data | Patients with BSI n = 780 |
Patients without BSI n = 3230 |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 0 | 62 [53–69] | 63 [54–71] | 0.019 |
| Frailty scale | 395 | 2 [2, 3] | 2 [2, 3] | 0.80 |
| Male gender | 23 | 607 (78) | 2346 (73) | 0.004 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 292 | 29 [26–33] | 28 [25–32] | 0.006 |
| Living place | 69 | 3175 | 0.006 | |
| Admission from a long-term care facility | 25 (3) | 48 (2) | ||
| Admission from nursing home | 3 (0) | 29 (1) | ||
| Admission from home | 738 (96) | 3098 (3) | ||
| Severity on admission | ||||
| SAPS II | 323 | 40 [30–54] | 36 [27–48] | < 0.001 |
| SOFA score | 562 | 7 [4–9] | 4 [3–8] | < 0.001 |
| ARDS severity on admission | 820 | < 0.001 | ||
| No ARDS | 54 (7) | 365 (13) | ||
| Mild ARDS | 146 (19) | 630 (22) | ||
| Moderate ARDS | 343 (46) | 1292 (44) | ||
| Severe ARDS | 190 (26) | 630 (22) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||
| No comorbidities | 27 | 126 (16) | 588 (18) | 0.18 |
| Alcohol consumption | 827 | 26 (4) | 134 (5) | 0.28 |
| Tabaco consumption | 839 | 32 (5) | 135 (5) | 0.89 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 677 | 183 (28) | 671 (26) | 0.23 |
| Chronic heart failure | 6 | 20 (3) | 131 (4) | 0.064 |
| Hypertension | 4 | 379 (49) | 1523 (47) | 0.47 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1 | 82 (11) | 348 (11) | 0.89 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2 | 231 (30) | 866 (27) | 0.12 |
| Hematological malignancy | 0 | 22 (3) | 87 (3) | 0.94 |
| Immunodepression | 773 | 62 (10) | 221 (9) | 0.45 |
| Solid malignancy | 0 | 9 (1) | 50(2) | 0.51 |
| Transplantation | 0 | 21 (3) | 62 (2) | 0.22 |
| Chronic renal failure | 773 | 77 (24) | 301 (23) | 0.90 |
| Cirrhosis | 668 | 3 (0) | 25 (1) | 0.32 |
| Neuromuscular disease | 774 | 28 (4) | 69 (3) | 0.037 |
| Home treatment | ||||
| Long-term corticosteroids treatment | 1 | 36 (5) | 129 (4) | 0.49 |
| Immunomodulatory drugs | 1 | 42 (5) | 125 (4) | 0.072 |
| Treatment with NSAID | 536 | 58 (9) | 171 (6) | 0.022 |
| Time from hospital admission to ICU, days | 153 | 1 [0–3] | 1 [0–3] | 0.49 |
| Period of admission | 326 | 0.94 | ||
| Before 15th of March 2020 | 46 (6) | 187 (6) | ||
| From 15th March to 31th of March 2020 | 439 (61) | 1766 (60) | ||
| From 1st April to 15 April 2020 | 193 (27) | 841 (28) | ||
| After 15th of April 2020 | 40 (5) | 172 (5) | ||
| Nurse/patient ratio | 713 | 2 [2, 3] | 2 [2, 3] | 0.61 |
| Admission during night-hours* | 0 | 393 (50) | 1570 (48) | 0.39 |
| Fever before admission | 146 | 634 (85) | 2567 (82) | 0.16 |
| Abdominal symptoms before admission | 140 | 211 (27) | 901 (28) | 0.67 |
| Co-infection at admission | 123 | 76 (10) | 247 (7.9) | 0.070 |
| Bacterial co-infection | 66 (8) | 217 (7) | 0.10 | |
| Viral co-infection | 4 (0) | 21 (0) | 0.86 | |
| Hospital/ICU treatment | ||||
| Antiviral treatment before admission | 13 | 384 (49) | 1451 (45) | 0.033 |
| Immunomodulatory drugs | 12 (2) | 47 (1) | 0.99 | |
| Tocilizumab use | 5 (1) | 26 (1) | 0.81 | |
| Intubation before admission | 26 | 243 (31) | 629 (20) | < 0.001 |
| Management during period at risk for BSI | ||||
| Number of day at risk for BSI, days | 143 | 7 [3–11] | 12 [15–22] | < 0.001 |
| ICU-acquired pneumonia during period at risk for BSI | 165 | 238 (31) | 1096 (34) | 0.075 |
| Corticosteroids during period at risk for BSI | 21 | 171 (22) | 969 (30) | < 0.001 |
| Renal replacement therapy during period at risk for BSI | 14 | 18 (2) | 569 (18) | < 0.001 |
| ECMO support during period at risk for BSI | 14 | 68 (9) | 195 (6) | 0.009 |
| Antibiotics use during period at risk for BSI | 7 | 618 (79) | 2871 (89) | < 0.001 |
Categorical variables are expressed as n (%) and continuous variables as median [interquartile range]
BSI: Bloodstream infection; SOFA: sequential-organ failure assessment; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ICU: Intensive care unit; RRT: renal replacement therapy; ECMO: Extra corporeal membrane oxygenation
*Admission during night hours was arbitrarily defined as admission in between 8:00 PM to 8:00 AM