Table 3.
Risk factors for death for the whole population
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Age, per supplementary year | 1.04 | 1.03–1.05 | < 0.001 | 1.04 | 1.03–1.05 | < 0.001 |
| Frailty scale | 1.37 | 1.31–1.42 | < 0.001 | 1.33 | 1.24–1.42 | < 0.001 |
| Male | 1.11 | 0.98–1.26 | 0.096 | 1.15 | 0.95–1.39 | 0.16 |
| BMI > 25 | 0.82 | 0.73–0.92 | < 0.001 | 0.83 | 0.69–1.01 | 0.056 |
| SOFA at admission, per supplementary point | 1.10 | 1.09–1.12 | < 0.001 | 1.08 | 1.06–1.11 | < 0.001 |
| ARDS severity at admission | ||||||
| No ARDS | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Mild ARDS | 1.07 | 0.84–1.35 | 0.60 | 1.02 | 0.73–1.43 | 0.90 |
| Moderate ARDS | 1.49 | 1.21–1.84 | < 0.001 | 1.09 | 0.80–1.47 | 0.59 |
| Severe ARDS | 2.10 | 1.69–2.61 | < 0.001 | 1.87 | 1.37–2.57 | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Alcohol consumption | 1.15 | 0.89–1.49 | 0.27 | |||
| Tabaco consumption | 1.05 | 0.81–1.37 | 0.70 | |||
| Chronic respiratory disease | 1.10 | 0.96–1.25 | 0.17 | 0.90 | 0.74–1.08 | 0.26 |
| Chronic heart failure | 1.80 | 1.42–2.78 | < 0.001 | 1.38 | 0.98–1.94 | 0.063 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1.78 | 1.54–2.06 | < 0.001 | 1.16 | 0.92–1.46 | 0.21 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.51 | 1.35–1.69 | < 0.001 | 1.21 | 1.02–1.43 | 0.033 |
| Hematological malignancy | 1.71 | 1.31–2.25 | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.66–1.49 | 0.97 |
| Immunodepression | 1.44 | 1.20–1.73 | < 0.001 | 1.12 | 0.75–1.69 | 0.58 |
| Solid malignancy | 1.95 | 1.36–2.78 | < 0.001 | 1.09 | 0.58–2.02 | 0.79 |
| Solid organ transplantation | 1.98 | 1.48–2.66 | < 0.001 | 1.09 | 0.56–2.12 | 0.80 |
| Chronic renal failure | 1.41 | 1.26–1.58 | < 0.001 | 1.05 | 0.82–1.34 | 0.70 |
| Cirrhosis | 1.01 | 0.61–1.99 | 0.75 | |||
| Neuromuscular disease | 0.94 | 0.66–1.32 | 0.71 | |||
| Usual medication | ||||||
| Long term corticosteroids treatment | 1.68 | 1.34–2.10 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 0.63–1.58 | 0.99 |
| Immunomodulatory drugs | 1.56 | 1.24–1.96 | < 0.001 | 1.04 | 0.62–1.74 | 0.90 |
| Treatment with NSAID | 0.99 | 0.79–1.25 | 0.95 | |||
| Time from hospital admission to ICU, per supplementary day | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.92 | |||
| Period of admission | ||||||
| Before 15th of March | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| From 15th March to 31th of March | 0.74 | 0.60–0.91 | 0.004 | 0.92 | 0.67–1.25 | 0.58 |
| From 1st April to 15 April | 0.65 | 0.52–0.81 | < 0.001 | 0.86 | 0.61–1.21 | 0.39 |
| After 15th of April | 0.50 | 0.35–0.68 | < 0.001 | 0.71 | 0.44–1.14 | 0.15 |
| Nurse/patient ratio | 0.86 | 0.80–0.93 | < 0.001 | 0.89 | 0.80–0.99 | 0.037 |
| Admission during night hours* | 0.98 | 0.88–1.09 | 0.68 | |||
| Fever before admission | 0.84 | 0.73–0.96 | 0.013 | 0.85 | 0.69–1.04 | 0.11 |
| Abdominal symptoms before admission | 0.81 | 0.71–0.91 | < 0.001 | 0.90 | 0.74–1.08 | 0.26 |
| Co-infection at admission | 1.25 | 1.05–1.51 | 0.015 | 1.06 | 0.80–1.40 | 0.68 |
| Bacterial co-infection | 1.28 | 1.06–1.55 | 0.012 | |||
| Viral co-infection | 3.82 | 1.22–11.91 | 0.021 | |||
| ICU acquired pneumonia during period at risk for BSI† | 1.10 | 0.98–1.23 | 0.093 | |||
| Antiviral treatment before admission | 1.02 | 0.91–1.13 | 0.78 | |||
| Immunomodulatory drugs before admission | 0.92 | 0.59–1.45 | 0.73 | |||
| Tocilizumab before admission | 0.82 | 0.42–1.57 | 0.54 | |||
| Intubation before admission | 1.32 | 1.17–1.49 | < 0.001 | 0.88 | 0.71–1.09 | 0.25 |
| Number of day at risk for BSI, per supplementary days | 0.99 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.52 | |||
| Bloodstream infection | 1.31 | 1.15–1.48 | < 0.001 | 1.28 | 1.05–1.56 | 0.015 |
HR: hazard ratio; BSI: bloodstream infection; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; NSAID: non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; ICU: intensive care unit; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
* Admission during night hours was arbitrarily defined as admission in between 8:00 PM to 8:00 AM
† Since ICU acquired pneumonia did not respect proportional assumption, the cox multivariable model was stratified on this variable