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. 2021 Nov 29;13(12):2039. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122039

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Illustrate the common structure of the ABC transporters and their subfamily. (a) ABC transporter with 2 sets of transmembrane domains and 2 nucleotide-binding domains. Orange color structure in the inner membrane indicates substrate molecules. (b) The binding of ATP caused the joining of NBD which ultimately leads to a conformational change and transfer of the substrate molecule out of the membrane. (c) Common structure of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) as one of the ABC transporters contains 12 TMD and 2 sites for ATP binding. (d) Another ABC transporter as Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1) also contains 12 TMD and 2 sites for ATP binding similar to the P-gp transport system but also contains an extra 5 TMD at the amino-terminal end. (e) Another ABC transporter as Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) contains 6 TMD and only 1 site for ATP binding at the amino-terminal end of the TMD. TMD: Transmembrane domain; NBD: Nucleotide-binding domains.