Table 1.

Representative cases of 3D bioprinting regenerative implants using alginate-based bioinks.

Tissue	Bioink	Cell Type	Strategy	Achievement	Ref.
Cartilage	Nanocellulose-alginate bioink	Human nasoseptal chondrocytes	Physical combination	Constructs with high fidelity and stability	[161]
	hyaluronic acid/alginate bioink, PCL as a scaffold	Human articular chondrocytes	Physical combination	Improved printability, gelling abilities, stiffness and degradability	[162]
	Alginate Sulfate–Nanocellulose Bioinks	Bovine chondrocytes	Chemical modification	High shape fidelity, good printability	[163]
	Nanocellulose/Alginate Bioink	iPSCs	Physical combination	Bioprinted iPSCs for cartilage regeneration	[164]
	Collagen-alginate bioink	Rat chondrocytes	Physical combination	Improved mechanical strength, enhanced cells adhesion, proliferation	[87]
	Polylactic Acid (PLA) Nanofiber−Alginate Hydrogel Bioink	Human adipose-derived stem cells	Physical combination	Improved hASC metabolic activity and proliferation	[165]
	Alginate, gelatin, and fibrinogen as bioink	hMSCs	Physical combination	The addition of TGF-β1 and BMP-2 promoted cells differentiation	[166]
	Alginate and short sub-micron polylactide (PLA) fibers	Human chondrocytes	Physical combination	High cell viability	[167]
Bone	alginate-sulfate bioink	MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts	Chemical modification	Improved osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation	[152]
	Graphene oxide/alginate bioink	hMSCs	Physical combination	Enhanced osteogenic differentiation, improved printability	[168]
	Alginate CaCl2 bioink	Human bone marrow-derived MSCs	Chemical modification	Increased osteogenic differentiation	[169]
	RGD-γ-irradiated alginate and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) complexed to plasmid DNA (pDNA)	Human bone marrow-derived MSCs	Chemical modification	Superior levels of vascularization and mineralization	[170]
Vessel	Sodium alginate Fibroblasts	L929 mouse fibroblasts	Collaborative 3D bioprinting	Multilevel fluidic channels	[171]
	Sodium alginate, collagen	HUVECs	Microgel-bioink-based 3D bioprinting	Achieved rapid and efficient in vivo angiogenesis.	[172]
	VdECM/alginate bioink	HUVEC/HAoSMCs	Collaborative 3D bioprinting	As transplants in vivo for three weeks	[160]
	gelatin-based alginate/carbon nanotubes blend bioink	Fibroblasts	Physical combination	Enhanced mechanical properties	[173]
	Gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) + PEGDA + alginate lyase	Vascular smooth muscle cells/vascular endothelial cells	Collaborative 3D bioprinting & Physical combination	Two-cell-layered structure	[174]
Skin	Gelatin and sodium alginate hydrogel, fibroblast cells	Fibroblasts	Physical combination	Situ 3D bioprinting	[175]
	Sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose	/	Physical combination	Repaired rabbit wound defeat	[176]
Nerve scaffold	Sodium alginate, gelatin	Rat Schwann cells	Physical combination	Improved cell adhesion and related factor expression, in vivo	[177]
Muscle	Gelatin Methacryloyl-Alginate Bioinks	Mouse C2C12 myoblast cells	Collaborative 3D bioprinting	Dually crosslinking can provide the optimal niche for muscle tissue formation	[178]
	PEG-Fibrinogen (PF)/alginate	Human C2C12 myoblast cells	Collaborative 3D bioprinting	Formed multinucleated myotubes	[179]