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. 2021 Dec 10;15:782305. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.782305

TABLE 1.

Summary of included studies.

Study (Author, Journal, Year) Study design Size N (IG/CG) Age Mean ± SD (IG/CG) Sex M/F Time since stroke Intervention Area of stimulation Current density Sessions; intervals Stimulation timing Order of application Outcome measures
Naro et al., 2021 Retrospective IG: 9
OG1: 15
OG2: 13
IG: 68 ± 4
OG1: 66 ± 5
OG2: 72 ± 4
IG: 4/5
OG1: 6/9
OG2: 5/8
IG: 10 ± 2 m
OG1: 11 ± 3 m
OG2: 8 ± 2 m
IG: dstDCS + RAGT (on-RAGT)
OG1: dstDCS + RAGT (post-RAGT)
OG2: dstDCS + RAGT (pre-RAGT)
A; PMA-affected side (C3/4)
C; PMA-non affected side (C3/4)
2.0 mA
35 cm2
0.057 mA/cm2
48 s; 8 weeks ONLINE dstDCS (first 10 min) + RAGT (50 min) 10 MWT; 6 MWT; FAC; MI; Tinetti scale; FIM; MEP
Picelli et al., 2018 RCT IG: 10
OG: 10
IG: 62.6 ± 8.3
OG: 62.8 ± 11.8
IG: 7/3
OG: 6/4
IG: 67.1 ± 46.8 m
OG: 51.9 ± 41.2 m
IG: Anodal tDCS + tsDCS + RAGT
OG: Cathodal tcDCS + tsDCS + RAGT
IG: A; PMA-affected LE (Cz), C; OA-CL
CG: A; cerebellar hemisphere (O1/2), C; buccinator muscle-IL
2.0 mA
12.56 cm2
0.159 mA/cm2
10 s; 2 weeks ONLINE tDCS (20 min) + RAGT (20 min) 6 MWT; FAC; MI; Gait analysis (cadence); ashworth scale
Picelli et al., 2015 RCT IG: 10
CG: 10
OG: 10
IG: 62.8 ± 11.8
CG: 61.0 ± 7.2
OG: 64.8 ± 6.0
IG: 7/3
CG: 8/2
OG: 7/3
IG: 51.9 ± 41.1 m
CG: 54.8 ± 32.9 m
OG: 61.3 ± 29.3 m
IG: Anodal tDCS + tsDCS + RAGT
CG: Sham tDCS + tsDCS + RAGT
OG: Anodal tDCS + sham tsDCS + RAGT
A; PMA-affected side (C3/4)
C; OA-CL
2.0 mA
35 cm2
0.057 mA/cm2
10 s; 2 weeks ONLINE tDCS (20m in) + RAGT (20 min) 6 MWT; FAC; MI; Gait analysis (cadence); ashworth scale
Geroin et al., 2011 RCT IG: 10
CG: 10
OG: 10
IG: 63.6 ± 6.7
CG: 63.3 ± 6.4
OG: 61.1 ± 6.3
IG: 8/2
CG: 6/4
OG: 9/1
IG: 25.7 ± 6.0 m
CG: 26.7 ± 5.1 m
OG: 26.9 ± 5.8 m
IG: Anodal tDCS + RAGT
CG: Sham tDCS + RAGT
OG: Walking exercises
A; PMA-affected LE
C; SOA-CL
1.5 mA
35 cm2
0.043 mA/cm2
10 s; 2 weeks ONLINE tDCS (7 min) + RAGT (20 min) 10 MWT; 6MWT; FAC; MI; Gait analysis (cadence); RMI
Madhavan et al., 2020 RCT IG: 21
CG: 20
OG1: 20
OG2: 20
IG: 58 ± 11
CG: 58 ± 10
OG1: 60 ± 9
OG2: 59 ± 9
IG: 14/7
CG: 11/9
OG1: 15/5
OG2: 15/5
IG: 4.3 ± 3.6 y
CG: 6.1 ± 4.2 y
OG1: 5.6 ± 3.6 y
OG2: 5.9 ± 5.6 y
IG: Anodal tDCS + HISTT
CG: Sham tDCS + HISTT
OG1: AMT + HISTT
OG2: tDCS + AMT + HISTT
A; PMA-affected LE
C; SOA-CL
1.0 mA
12.5 cm2
0.080 mA/cm2
12 s; 4 weeks OFFLINE tDCS (15 min) → HISTT (40 min) 10 MWT; 6 MWT; BBS; TUGT; mini-BESTest; ABC; FMA; SIS; MEP
Manji et al., 2018 Crossover IG: 15
CG: 15
IG: 62.2 ± 10.1
CG: 63.7 ± 11.0
IG: 10/5
CG: 11/4
IG: 134.5 ± 55.7 d
CG: 149.7 ± 24.2 d
IG: Anodal tDCS + BWSTT
CG: Sham tDCS + BWSTT
A; SMA (3.5 cm anterior to Cz)
C; EOC
1.0 mA
25 cm2
0.040 mA/cm2
7 s; 1 week ONLINE tDCS (20 min) + BWSTT (20 min) 10 MWT; TUGT; FMA; POMA; TCT
Seo et al., 2017 RCT IG: 11
CG: 10
IG: 61.1 ± 8.9
CG: 62.9 ± 8.9
IG: 9/2
CG: 7/3
IG: 75.5 ± 83.4 m
CG: 152.5 ± 122.8 m
IG: Anodal tDCS + RAGT
CG: Sham tDCS + RAGT
A; PMA-affected LE
C; SOA-CL
2.0 mA
35 cm2
0.057 mA/cm2
10 s; 2 weeks OFFLINE tDCS (20 min) → RAGT (45 min) 10 MWT; 6 MWT; FAC; BBS; FMA; MRCS; MEP
Leon et al., 2017 Active control IG: 10
CG: 23
OG: 17
IG: 49 ± 9
CG: 49 ± 11
OG: 47 ± 11
IG: 6/4
CG: 17/6
OG: 12/5
IG: 53 ± 25 d
CG: 64 ± 33 d
OG: 56 ± 38 d
IG: Anodal tDCS + RAGT
CG: Sham tDCS + RAGT
OG: Anodal tDCS (C3/4) + RAGT
A; Cz
C; SOA-Rt
2.0 mA
35 cm2
0.057 mA/cm2
20 s; 4 weeks ONLINE tDCS (first 20 min) + RAGT (30 – 45 min) 10 MWT; FAC
Mitsutake et al., 2021 RCT IG: 11
CG: 12
OG: 11
IG: 74.9 ± 9.2
CG: 67.3 ± 12.1
OG: 75.6 ± 11.0
IG: 6/5
CG: 9/3
OG: 4/7
IG: 44.6 ± 31.7 d
CG: 37.1 ± 27.3 d
OG: 34.6 ± 17.8 d
IG: Anodal tDCS + FES
CG: Sham tDCS + FES
OG: Anodal tDCS
A; PMA-affected LE
C; SOA-CL
2.0 mA
35 cm2
0.057 mA/cm2
7 s; 1 week ONLINE tDCS (20 min) + FES (20 min) 10 MWT; Gait analysis (acceleration parameters)

RCT, randomized controlled trial; IG, intervention group; CG, control group; OG, other group; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; dstDCS, dual-site transcranial direct current stimulation; tcDCS, transcranial cerebellar direct current stimulation; tsDCS transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation; RAGT, robot-assisted gait training; HISTT, high-intensity speed-based treadmill training; AMT, ankle motor tracking; BWSTT, body weight-supported treadmill training; FES, functional electrical stimulation; A, anode; C, cathode; PMA, primary motor area; LE, lower extremity; OA, orbital area; CL, contralateral side; IL, ipsilateral side; SOA, supra-orbital area; SMA, supplementary motor area; EOC, exterior occipital crest; 10 MWT, 10-m walking test; 6 MWT, 6-min walking test; FAC, functional ambulatory category; MI, mobility index; FIM, functional independence measure; MEP, motor evoked potential; RMI, rivermead mobility index; BBS, berg balance scale; TUG, timed up and go test; mini-BESTest, mini-balance evaluation systems test; FMA, fugl-meyer assessment; ABC, activities-specific balance confidence scale; SIS, stroke impact scale; POMA, performance-oriented mobility assessment; TIS, trunk controltest; MRCS, medical research council scale.